Highlights:Use of biochar to mitigate soils contaminated by trace elements. Pyrolysis as an alternative to sewage sludge disposal in the environment. Some mechanisms involved in the alleviation of soil acidity by biochar. A rapid and simple test to assess biochar toxicity. Biochar as a strong and effective sorbent for aluminum and cadmium. AbstractBiochar has been used as an alternative in organic wastes management and to alleviate trace elements toxicity. The aim of this research was to use a rapid and simple test to detect the potential toxic effects of biochar and its ability to alleviate aluminum and cadmium toxicity to seeds and seedlings of Sorghum bicolor L. Two experiments were carried out in Petri dishes with two different biochars where sorghum seeds were exposed to aluminum (experiment 1) and cadmium (experiment 2) solutions. The experimental designs were completely randomized, with five doses of aluminum or cadmium in aqueous solution (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mmol/L of Al or Cd), combined with or without the addition of 0.25 g of biochar from sugarcane bagasse or from sewage sludge. Compared to treatments without biochar, in the treatments with biochar, higher seed germination rate and growth of sorghum seedlings were obtained. Moreover, the biochars were not toxic to sorghum and they decreased the toxicity of aluminum and cadmium, mainly the biochar from sewage sludge that presented higher pH and greater occurrence of functional groups in its particles. ResumoO biochar tem sido utilizado como uma alternativa para o manejo de resíduos orgânicos e na remedição da toxidez por elementos traços. Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa usar um teste rápido e simples para detectar os potenciais efeitos tóxicos do biochar e sua capacidade de minimizar a toxidez por alumínio e cádmio para sementes e plântulas de Sorghum bicolor L. Conduziu-se dois experimentos em placas de Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 41, n. 1, p. 95-108, jan./fev. 2020 Almeida, J. B. et al.Petri com dois diferentes biochars onde as sementes de sorgo foram expostas às soluções de alumínio (experimento 1) e cádmio (experimento 2). Os delineamentos experimentais foram inteiramente casualizados, com cinco doses de alumínio ou cádmio na solução aquosa (0, 0,5, 1, 2 e 4 mmol L-1 de Al ou Cd), combinados com ou sem a adição de 0,25g de biochar de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BB) ou de lodo de esgoto (BS). Nos tratamentos com biochar, obtém-se maior percentagem de germinação de sementes e crescimento de plântulas de sorgo em relação a ausência de biochar. Além disso, os biochars não são tóxicos para o sorgo e minimizam a toxicidade por alumínio e cádmio, principalmente o BS que apresenta maior pH e maior ocorrência de grupos funcionais em suas partículas. Palavras-chave: Sorghum bicolor. Elementos traços. Acidez do solo. Pirólise. Resíduos orgânicos.
The strawberry fruit is very sensitive and easily damaged, generating large post-harvest losses, both commercial and nutritional. Therefore, the improvement of new storage technologies is needed to reduce the both nutrients and sensors losses, increase profitability and maintain it as the organoleptic features of the product. The present work aims to evaluate the chemical characteristics of organic strawberry fruits, whole and processed, conditioned in different packages under freezing for 105 days. Four procedures were used (Pulp with clear plastic packaging; Pulp with plastic-wrapped aluminum; Whole lid with transparent plastic; Whole lid with plastic-wrapped aluminum) for 105 days. The fruits were analyzed for soluble solids, titratable acidity, phenolic compounds, SS / TA ratio, and ascorbic acid. Titratable acidity shows a reduction from 21 days of storage for whole fruits and from 42 days when shipped on aluminum foil. The soluble solids content also decreases due to storage, being more pronounced in whole fruits wrapped in aluminum. Ascorbic acid shows a decrease in all treatments after freezing but remains stable throughout the storage period. The SS / TA ratio decreased with freezing pulp but remained stable until the last evaluation. Phenolic compounds increase over the freezing period of both pulp and fruit, with or without aluminum foil as a wrapper in the package. In general, or frozen, it is suitable for maintaining the chemical properties of strawberry fruits. A pulp as storage was more effective in maintaining the chemical properties of the fruit. For most of the characteristics analyzed, aluminum foil does not contribute significantly to the maintenance or improvement of pulp/fruit chemical properties when frozen.
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