Normative data stratified by three levels of age (16-59, 60-79, and 80-95 years) and three levels of education (0-8, 9-12, and 13-21 years) are presented for phonemic verbal fluency (FAS) and categorical verbal fluency (Animal Naming). The normative sample, aged 16 to 95 years, consisted of 1,300 cognitively intact individuals who resided in the community. Years of education ranged from 0 to 21. The total number of words in 1 minute for each of the letters F, A, and S was correlated r =.52 with the number of animal names generated in 1 minute. Regression analyses showed that FAS was more sensitive to the effects of education (18.6% of the variance) than age (11.0% of the variance). The opposite relationship occurred for Animal Naming, where age accounted for 23.4% of the variance and education accounted only for 13.6%. Gender accounted for less than 1% of variance for FAS and Animal Naming. The clinical utility of these norms is discussed.

Malingering (TOMM; T. N. Tombaugh, 1996) is a newly developed visual recognition test that uses pictures of common objects as stimuli. Prior normative research with community-dwelling adults and neurologically impaired patients has shown that the TOMM possesses a high degree of specificity and is not affected by demographic variables such as age and education. The current series of 5 integrated experiments was designed to provide important validation data. Converging evidence from all studies showed that scores on the TOMM are able to detect when an individual is not putting forth maximum effort. Overall, the TOMM's high levels of sensitivity and specificity suggest that it has high promise as a clinical test for detecting malingering of memory impairments. Recent interest in the detection of malingering, the intentional faking or exaggeration of symptoms for personal gain, has generated a consistent body of evidence showing that recognition procedures are particularly sensitive in detecting someone feigning memory impairment during neuropsychological assessment. Much of this evidence stems from a procedure commonly referred to as symptom validity testing (SVT). This is a twoitem, forced-choice recognition paradigm originally used for the detection of sensory impairments (Brady & Lind, 1961; Grosz & Zimmerman, 1965) and later modified to determine malingering of cognitive deficits (Pankratz, 1979; Pankratz, Fausti, & Peed, 1975). More recently, SVT has further been developed by Hiscock and Hiscock (1989) and Binder and Willis (1991). The most popular variation of this procedure contains a series of trials where a five-digit number is presented on each trial and is followed by a delay interval and a two-choice test trial containing the original number and a novel five-digit number. Although this procedure has demonstrated clinical util

Only 28% of the interventional studies were RCTs. Over half of the 275 interventional studies were single group interventions, pointing to the need for studies of improved methodological quality into ABI rehabilitation.