665Stable isotope variation in savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) indicate avoidance of energetic challenges through dietary compensation at the limits of the range

Current methods for infant and child nutritional assessment rely on anthropometric measurements, whose implementation faces technical challenges in low- and middle-income countries. Anthropometry is also limited to linear measurements, ignoring important body shape information related to health. This work proposes the use of 2D geometric morphometric techniques applied to a sample of Senegalese participants aged 6–59 months with an optimal nutritional condition or with severe acute malnutrition to address morphometric variations due to nutritional status. Significant differences in shape and size body changes were described according to nutritional status, resulting age, sex and allometric effect crucial factors to establish nutritional morphological patterns. The constructed discriminant functions exhibited the best classification rates in the left arm. A landmark-based template registering body shape could be useful to both assess acute malnutrition and better understand the morphological patterns that nutritional status promotes in children during their first 5 years of growth and development.

Los análisis morfométricos conllevan sesgos en el nivel de precisión, y por ende, error.El desarrollo de la morfometría geométrica ha permitido generar colecciones digitalesque albergan archivos procedentes de fuentes diversas. El uso combinado de digital-izaciones obtenidas a través de técnicas diferentes introduce un nuevo tipo de error,el error intermétodo. El uso de estas fuentes de digitalización de manera conjuntase producirá con un error bajo, siempre y cuando no existan diferencias significativas entre técnicas. Se realizaron análisis de la varianza Procustes, análisis de componentesprincipales sobre las coordenadas Procrustes y agrupamiento jerárquico para anali-zar el error intermétodo e intraobservador en ocho cráneos humanos originarios dePatagonia Austral, digitalizados mediante tomografía computarizada, escáner de su-perficie y fotogrametría, utilizando para ello 35 puntos homólogos, tipos I, II y III. Losresultados muestran que no hay diferencias significativas entre las fuentes de digital ización, pudiéndose utilizar conjuntamente archivos 3D de diversa procedencia. No se observó error intraobservador significativo para ninguna de las fuentes, siendo este de menor magnitud que el error  intermétodo. En el presente estudio, la fotogrametría, único método que recupera la textura y en el cual se señalaron previamente los puntos homólogos, es la fuente que presenta el menor error. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos se sugiere que es posible realizar análisis de morfometría geométrica satisfactorios independientemente de la fuente utilizada para su registro, considerando las aquí analizadas, destacándose la relevancia de la textura y el registro de los puntos de referencia en el nivel de error.

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(1) Background: Guatemala is the Latin American country with the highest prevalence of childhood stunting. Short height can bias the diagnosis of wasting when using the weight-for-height indicator. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic concordance of the anthropometric indicators of wasting and the relationship between wasting and stunting in children from highly vulnerable communities in Guatemala. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of 13,031 anthropometric records of children under five years of age (49.5% girls, average age of 27.9 months), including weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), collected in March–August 2019. The proportions of stunting, underweight, and wasting, assessed by three different indicators, as well as their concurrence through the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure were calculated. (3) Results: Stunting affected 73% of the sample, and 74.2% showed anthropometric failure. Wasting varied by indicator (weight-for-height: 2.8%; MUAC: 4.4%; MUAC-for-age: 10.6%). Concordance between MUAC and weight-for-height was very low (Kappa: 0.310; sensitivity: 40.9%). MUAC identified more wasted children in the stunted group (53.6% vs. 26.5%), while the opposite occurred in the non-stunted group (34.8% vs. 46.7%). (4) Conclusion: The presence of stunting affected the diagnosis of wasting, and both indicators should be included as diagnostic criteria for screening campaigns and in the treatment of moderate to acute wasting in vulnerable populations affected by multiple forms of undernutrition.