A simple and low-cost alternating current (AC)-based method, without electrolyte correction, is proposed (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)-Zero Gap Cell) for the determination of ohmic contribution of diaphragms. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was evaluated by using a commercial Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AWE) diaphragm (Zirfon®). Furthermore, the results were compared with two conventional electrochemical methodologies for calculating the separator resistance, based on direct current (DC), and AC measurements, respectively. Compared with the previous techniques, the proposed approach reported more accurate and precise values of resistance for new and aged samples. Compared with the manufacturer reference, the obtained error values for new samples were 0.33%, 5.64%, and 41.7%, respectively for EIS-Zero gap cell, AC and DC methods, confirming the validity and convenience of the proposed technique.
The electrochemical treatment of brackish and seawaters with boron doped diamond anodes (BDD) can be particularly suitable for the removal of microorganisms, microalgae and pollutants: the high conductivity of these waters and the high content of chloride ions can be exploited in disinfection/oxidation processes mediated by active chlorine. A correct choice of operating conditions can limit the formation of such undesired by-products as bromate and chlorate ions. RESULTS: Galvanostatic electrolyses of synthetic waters containing chloride and/or bromide ions using BDD anode were carried out both in batch and continuous mode in an undivided cell. Bromide ions were oxidized to form bromate ions with high conversion rate, while chlorate ions were found as by-products of the oxidation of chloride ions together with active chlorine. When solutions containing Br- and Cl- were treated, the increase in the concentration of chloride up to that of seawater (20 g dm-3), hinders the formation of BrO3 - and ClO3 -. CONCLUSIONS: The electrochemical process with BDD anode could be applicable to the disinfection of high salinity waters: in synthetic solution simulating the composition of seawaters, high amounts of active chlorine are formed and the occurrence of bromates and chlorates is highly limited
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