Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are emerging as key drivers of inflammation and immunosuppression in chronic infection. Control of these infections requires IFN-I signaling; however, prolonged IFN-I signaling can lead to immune dysfunction. IFN-Is are also emerging as double-edged swords in cancer, providing necessary inflammatory signals, while initiating feedback suppression in both immune and cancer cells. Here, we review the proinflammatory and suppressive mechanisms potentiated by IFN-Is during chronic virus infections and discuss the similar, newly emerging dichotomy in cancer. We then discuss how this understanding is leading to new therapeutic concepts and immunotherapy combinations. We propose that, by modulating the immune response at its foundation, it may be possible to widely reshape immunity to control these chronic diseases.

To support the development of new techniques and technology in facial aesthetics, sophisticated ways of measuring outcomes are needed. The objective of this study was to develop the content of a set of patient-reported outcome (PRO) scales for use with facial aesthetic patients. A literature review, patient interviews, and input from experts working with facial aesthetic patients were used to develop a conceptual framework for the outcomes deemed important to facial aesthetic patients and to construct items and a set of preliminary PRO scales. The conceptual framework includes the following themes: satisfaction with facial appearance; health-related quality of life; recovery, early life impact, and adverse effects; and satisfaction with process of care. Separate scales were developed for all parts of the face (e.g., nose, ears, forehead, cheeks, etc.) rather than for particular facial procedures. This new PRO instrument, called the FACE-Q, contains multiple independently scoreable scales with preoperative and postoperative versions. Once psychometric evaluation is completed, the FACE-Q will provide researchers and physicians with the necessary tools to measure the impact and effectiveness of facial aesthetic procedures from the patients' perspective. The FACE-Q has the potential to support advocacy, quality metrics, and an evidence-based approach to facial aesthetic practice.

Material Supplementary 2.DC1http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2010/11/12/jimmunol.100191References

Background: The T cell costimulatory molecule 4-1BB signals through TRAF1 and TRAF2. Results: TRAF1Ϫ/Ϫ T cells show hyperproliferation due to enhanced alternative NF-B activation but have impaired classical