The current study examined alcohol expectancies and drinking motives as correlates of alcohol involvement among adolescents at high and low risk for future alcoholism. Measures of alcohol expectancies, drinking motives, presumed personality risk for alcoholism, family history of alcoholism, and alcohol involvement were completed by 979 high school students. Alcohol expectancies and drinking motives were found to vary as a function of risk status. More important, the strength of the relations between alcohol expectancies or drinking motives and alcohol involvement varied as a function of risk status. Expectancies of altered social behavior were particularly associated with low-risk drinking. Expectancies of enhanced cognitive and motor functioning, expectancies of tension reduction, expectancies of deteriorated cognitive and behavioral functioning, personal motives, and power motives were particularly associated with high-risk drinking. These expectancies and motives are of potential prognostic significance in the development of alcoholism and may be important targets for modification in primary prevention programs.Alcohol use is extremely common in adolescence. Recent surveys show that a substantial majority of adolescents (80%-93%) have reported at least some experience with alcohol (Jalali, Jalali, Crocetti, & Turner, 1981;Johnston, O'Malley, & Bachman, 1984). This high prevalence of adolescent alcohol use suggests that drinking in this age period is a socially normative behavior. The onset of drinking in adolescence may be part of a normal process of internalizing social norms and experimenting with adult behaviors (Barnes, 1977). For many adolescents, drinking can be considered a normal, social, transitional behavior that does not necessarily call for clinical concern or intervention.However, although some alcohol use is normative, adolescent drinking can also be problematic. It is important to distinguish normal adolescent drinking from drinking that has clinical implications. Most previous research has distinguished normal adolescent drinking from adolescent problem drinking by the quantity and frequency of use combined with the negative social consequences of alcohol intake (e.g., traffic accidents, school failure, family problems; Mayer & Filstead, 1979). Adolescent problem drinkers are one obvious target group for clini-This study is based on a master's thesis conducted by the first author at the University of Missouri-Columbia under the supervision of the second author.

Background The global COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to indirectly impact the transmission dynamics and prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI). It is unknown what combined impact reductions in sexual activity and interruptions in HIV/STI services will have on HIV/STI epidemic trajectories. Methods We adapted a model of HIV, gonorrhea, and chlamydia for a population of approximately 103,000 men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Atlanta area. Model scenarios varied the timing, overlap, and relative extent of COVID-related sexual distancing and service interruption within four service categories (HIV screening, PrEP, ART, and STI treatment). Results A 50% relative decrease in sexual partnerships and interruption of all clinical services, both lasting 18 months, would generally offset each other for HIV (total 5-year population impact for Atlanta MSM: -227 cases), but have net protective effect for STIs (-23,800 cases). If distancing lasted only 3 months but service interruption lasted 18 months, the total 5-year population impact would be an additional 890 HIV cases and 57,500 STI cases. Conclusions Immediate action to limit the impact of service interruptions is needed to address the indirect effects of the global COVID pandemic on the HIV/STI epidemic.

Objectives-Ectopic pregnancy is an important adverse pregnancy outcome that is undersurveilled. Emergency department (ED) data can help provide insight on the trends of ectopic pregnancy incidence in the United States (US). Methods-Data from the largest US all-payer ED database, the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide ED Sample, were used to identify trends in the annual ratio of ED ectopic pregnancy diagnoses to live births during 2006-2013, and the annual rate of diagnoses among all pregnancies during 2006-2010. Diagnoses were identified through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis and procedure codes and CPT codes.

A recent psychological theory (Hull, 1981) suggests that alcohol use may be motivated by a desire to avoid painful states of self-awareness. Highly self-aware individuals who are receiving failure feedback are hypothesized to use alcohol to reduce their awareness of negative self-relevant information. However, data in support of this theory are derived largely from laboratory studies of adult populations. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the theory in predicting adolescent drinking behavior in the natural environment. The studies also examined the ability of the model to account for phenomena of clinical importance, namely, indicators of adolescent problem drinking and drinking among high-risk adolescents (offspring of problem drinkers). Results showed that adolescent drinking was predictable as a function of demographic variables, self-awareness, failure feedback, and a family history of alcohol abuse. However; the predictions of self-awareness theory were not supported. The results are interpreted with regard to describing boundary conditions within which selfawareness theory is useful in explaining alcohol consumption.