This study explores the impact of environmental policies and human development on the CO2 emissions for the period of 1995–2015 in the Group of Seven and BRICS economies in the long run through panel cointegration and causality tests. The causality analysis revealed a bilateral causality between environmental stringency policies and CO2 emissions for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and a unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to the environmental stringency policies for Canada, China, and France. On the other hand, the analysis showed a bilateral causality between human development and CO2 emissions for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to human development in Brazil, Canada, China, and France. Furthermore, the cointegration analysis indicated that both environmental stringency policies and human development had a decreasing impact on the CO2 emissions.
The main objective of the research is to analyze the impact of financial sector development indicators and financial institutions access on primary energy use based on a sample of European Union transition members over 20 years period (1996–2017) through panel cointegration and causality tests that allow for cross-section dependence. The causality analysis revealed that the direction of the causality among financial development indicators, financial institutions access, and primary energy use varied among the countries. On the other side, panel cointegration coefficients disclosed that the financial development index positively affected the primary energy use, but private credit did not have a significant effect on the primary energy use. Furthermore, financial institutions’ access had a significant negative impact on primary energy use. However, country-level cointegration coefficients indicated that the financial development index positively affected the primary energy use in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, and Slovenia, and private credit also had a positive impact on primary energy use in Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovakia, but the effect of financial development index on primary energy use was found to be very higher than that of private credit. Moreover, financial institutions’ access negatively affected the primary energy use in Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
The main goal in this article is to explore the causes and nature of economic migration from the Republic of Moldova. The conceptual and analytical framework is based on the widening and deepening of meanings of security, as part of the transition from traditional, Cold War, state-centric understanding of security to the multisectorial approaches of security. Two relevant sectors of security are selected in this study, namely economic security and societal security, because they provide in-depth understanding of economic migration from Gagauzia and Transnistria. The methodology is based on interviews taken with migrant workers from the two regions and on interpretation and analysis of research findings. Before discussing the findings, we documented migration experiences of migrant workers who belong to different ethnic groups, tracing their pre-migration situations and post-migration life. Also, we documented how their economic aspirations and ethnic identity shaped their migration intentions and perceptions of different countries of destination. W poszukiwaniu bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego i społecznego. Doświadczenia migrantów ekonomicznych z Naddniestrza i Gagauzji Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie przyczyn i charakteru migracji zarobkowej z Republiki Mołdawii. Ramy koncepcyjne i analityczne opierają się na poszerzaniu i pogłębianiu znaczenia terminu „bezpieczeństwo” w ramach przejścia od tradycyjnego, zimnowojennego, państwocentrycznego rozumienia do podejścia wielosektorowego. W pracy wybrano dwa istotne sektory bezpieczeństwa, a mianowicie bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne i bezpieczeństwo społeczne, ponieważ zapewniają one dogłębne zrozumienie migracji ekonomicznej z Gagauzji i Naddniestrza. Metodologia opiera się na wywiadach przeprowadzonych z pracownikami migrującymi z obu regionów oraz na interpretacji i analizie wyników badań. Przed omówieniem wyników zostały udokumentowane doświadczenia migracyjne pracowników migrujących należących do różnych grup etnicznych, przyglądając się ich sytuacji przed i po migracji. Ponadto zbadano również, w jaki sposób aspiracje ekonomiczne i tożsamość etniczna migrantów kształtowały ich intencje migracyjne i postrzeganie różnych krajów docelowych.
"The paper focuses on two concepts developed by William Zartman, namely “ripe moments” and “mutually hurting stalemates”. Basically, the concepts tackle the idea of certain proper moments for the beginning of peace talks when the parties to the conflict believe that they are trapped in a painful impasse which no longer brings them victory. Our paper aims to show that hurting stalemates are sometimes the adequate starting point for peace-building efforts as well, not only for starting negotiations, and to apply this on the case of Liberia. The paper is organized around the following research questions: Is the hurting stalemate a military deadlock? Is a similar painful deadlock a good starting point for building sustainable peace in post-conflict societies? Keywords: peace studies, ripeness, mutually hurting stalemates, peace-building, post-conflict development"
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