Gil, L. H. G. V.; Botton, S. A.; Weiblen, R.; Ridpath, J. F.; Kreutz, L. C.; Pilati, C.; Driemeyer, D.; Moojen, V.; and Wendelstein, A. C., "Clinical, pathological and antigenic aspects of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 isolates identified in Brazil" (2000). AbstractNucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) ®eld isolates identi®ed four viruses belonging to the genotype 2. Comparison of 5 H UTR sequences from these isolates to those of North American BVDV type 2 revealed genomic variations that correlated with the geographic origins of the isolates. Two of the Brazilian type 2 viruses were isolated from clinical cases of gastroenteric/respiratory disease and two were isolated from healthy bovine fetuses. The clinical cases affected young animals (8-and 18-months-old) and were characterized by diarrhea, respiratory signs, extensive oral and digestive tract erosions, conjunctival and vulvar congestion, occasional digestive bleeding and vulvar and heart petechial hemorrhage. Antigenic analysis of these isolates with a panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies revealed marked antigenic differences in the major envelope glycoprotein, gp53/E2, compared to standard laboratory and vaccine BVDV strains. In addition, virus-speci®c antisera raised to Brazilian BVDV type 2 viruses displayed very low serological cross-reactivity with standard BVDV type 1 strains. Differences up to 64-fold in cross-neutralization titers were observed between BVDV type 1 and Brazilian BVDV type 2 isolates. The identi®cation of BVDV type 2 among Brazilian cattle may have important implications for epidemiological studies, diagnostic and immunization strategies. Furthermore, the low neutralizing activity of BVDV type 1 antisera against the recently identi®ed Brazilian BVDV type 2 isolates raises the question about the degree of protection conferred by BVDV vaccines, most of them based on a single type 1 strain. #

A novel mutant of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was found with a virion assembly phenotype attributable to an insertion into the NS5B polymerase locus. This mutant, termed 5B-741, was engineered by reverse genetics to express NS5B with a C-terminal peptide tag of 22 amino acids. Electroporation of bovine cells with genomic RNA from this mutant showed levels RNA synthesis which were regarded as sufficient for infectivity, yet infectious virions were not produced. Pseudorevertants of mutant 5B-741 that released infectious virions and formed plaques revealed a single nucleotide change (T12369C). This change resulted in a leucine-toproline substitution within the NS5B tag (L726P). Genetic analysis revealed that indeed a single nucleotide change encoding proline at NS5B position 726 in the pseudorevertant polyprotein mediated recovery of virion assembly function without improving genomic RNA accumulation levels. A subgenomic BVDV reporter replicon (rNS3-5B) was used to analyze the consequences of alterations of the genomic region encoding the NS5B C terminus on replication and assembly. Interestingly, rNS3-5B-L726P (revertant) replicated with the same efficiency as the rNS3-5B-741 mutant but produced 10 times more virions in a trans-packaging assay. These results indicated that impairment of assembly function in 5B-741 was independent of RNA accumulation levels and agreed with the observations from the full-length mutant and revertant genomes. Finally, we recapitulated the packaging defect of 5B-741 with a vaccinia virus expression system to eliminate possible unwanted interactions between the helper virus and the packaged replicon. Taken together, these studies revealed an unexpected role of NS5B in infectious virion assembly.Virion assembly and release from the host cell constitute the final stages of the viral life cycle. These events are as important for viral pathogenesis in the host as the widely studied mechanisms of virus entry or genome replication. Enveloped virion assembly represents the convergence of viral proteins, nucleic acid, and host lipids to build an infectious particle. The process of virus budding, which characterizes enveloped viruses, is difficult to study because it involves a living cell. No cell-free virus budding systems have been developed to dissect this process.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that causes persistent infections leading to chronic hepatitis, which can result in hepatocellular carcinoma (1, 2). To avoid the late sequelae of chronic HCV infections, millions of infected individuals await the development of effective antivirals (29). Efforts to explore all the possible drug targets for HCV, including virion assembly, have been hampered by the lack of robust in vitro cell culture systems that yield infectious virions (60). Much of our current knowledge on HCV virion assembly is derived from the study of virus-like particles (VLPs). Numerous reports support the concept that viral structural proteins carry enough structural information to direct the as...

Amostras do vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVDV), denominadas de BVDV tipo 2 (BVDV-2), foram inicialmente identificadas em surtos de BVD aguda e enfermidade hemorrágica e têm sido isoladas predominantemente na América do Norte. O presente artigo descreve dois casos de enfermidade gastroentérica/respiratória seguidos de isolamento e identificação de amostras de BVDV tipo 2 no sul do Brasil. Os vírus foram isolados de duas novilhas de diferentes rebanhos. Um dos animais apresentou enfermidade aguda, cursando com anorexia, atonia ruminal, diarréia escura ou muco-sanguinolenta, tenesmo e descarga nasal muco-purulenta. O outro animal desenvolveu enfermidade de longa duração (7 meses), caracterizada por crescimento retardado, anorexia, quadros recorrentes de diarréia, dermatite interdigital, hemorragias digestivas e genitais ocasionais, conjuntivite, artrite e pneumonia crônica. Congestão disseminada das mucosas, ulcerações extensivas e profundas na língua, palato e esôfago, áreas necróticas na mucosa do rúmen, áreas de congestão e ulcerações cobertas com fibrina no intestino delgado foram os achados mais proeminentes. Antígenos do BVDV foram demonstrados por imunohistoquí-mica no epitélio da língua, nos pulmões e em linfonodos mesentéricos. Amostras não-citopáticas do BVDV foram isoladas em cultivo celular a partir de leucócitos e do baço dos animais afetados e identificadas por imunofluorescência. Caracterização antigênica e análise filogenética desses isolados, e de outras duas amostras de BVDV isoladas de fetos coletados em matadouros, revelou tratar-se de BVDV tipo 2. A presença do BVDV tipo 2 na população bovina do Brasil possui um significado epidemiológico importante e pode ter conseqüências para o diagnóstico, estratégias de imunização e produção de vacinas.