Probiotics are defined as live micro-organisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits on the host. Scientists have isolated various strains of Lactobacilli from human milk (such as Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus salivarius), and the presence of these organisms is thought to be protective against breast infections, or mastitis.Trials of probiotics for treating mastitis in dairy cows have had mixed results: some successful and others unsuccessful. To date, only one trial of probiotics to treat mastitis in women and one trial to prevent mastitis have been published. Although trials of probiotics to prevent mastitis in breastfeeding women are still in progress, health professionals in Australia are receiving marketing of these products.High quality randomised controlled trials are needed to assess the effectiveness of probiotics for the prevention and/or treatment of mastitis.
In Australia, gendered hate speech against women is so pervasive and insidious that it is a normalised feature of everyday public discourse. It is often aimed at silencing women, and hindering their ability to participate effectively in civil society. As governmental bodies have recognised, sexist and misogynist language perpetuates gender-based violence by contributing to strict gender norms and constructing women as legitimate objects of hostility. Thus, gendered hate speech, like other forms of hate speech, produces a range of harms which ripple out beyond the targeted individual. The harmful nature of vilification is recognised by the various Australian laws which prohibit or address other forms of hate speech. But as we map out in this article, gendered hate speech is glaringly absent from most of this legislation. We argue that by failing to address gendered hate speech, Australian law permits the marginalisation of women and girls, and actively exacerbates their vulnerability to exclusion and gender-based harm.
Feminist scholars and theorists have long engaged with the body and questioned its relation to law. This special issue continues this legacy, while also drawing on and contributing to more recent scholarly interest in embodiment, gender and law. The issue was inspired by a wish to foreground the body, embodiment and lived experience in relation to law, from both contemporary and historical perspectives. It examines the ways in which law may preclude, encourage, marginalise or stratify certain kinds of embodiment, and how particular kinds of embodiment may be gendered, sexed, classed and/or racialized, including by law and legal institutions. Such discussions question the embodied consequences of particular legal decisions, and vice-versa, potential modes of embodied resistance that might drive legal, and broader social, change. What bodily effects and embodied affects are shaped by law, whether directly or indirectly, and what are the embodied consequences of such decisions/omissions? What theoretical or methodological perspectives can enhance or enrich our understanding of the relationship between law and the body, and law and embodiment? We have also sought to attend to recent developments across varied disciplines which challenge common understandings of the body as individuated and staticinstead exploring the inherent plasticity of the body, and the ways in which embodiment is relational, situated, subjective and continuous.Many of the articles in this issue follow those whose bodies and modes of embodiment are marginalisedsuch as prisoners, trans young people, children of misattributed paternity, birthing fathers, the colonisedand their journeys of engaging with, and disrupting, legal orders and institutions. We see in these accounts a complex interaction between old and new legal imaginaries and sensoria, as well as the difficulties faced by legal decision-makers in grappling with the inadequacies of simplistic, cis-heteropatriarchal understandings of gendered/sexed bodies. As several of our authors demonstrate, while such disruption may be productive in the sense of challenging exclusion or hierarchy, we must continue to question law's emancipatory potential. Hegemonic notions of whose bodies are violable, or how bodies are gendered/ sexed, often persist in unexpected or unintended ways.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.