IMPORTANCEThe public health implications of e-cigarettes depend, in part, on whether e-cigarette use affects the risk of cigarette smoking.OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies that assessed initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking.

The concept of utility has carried two different meanings in its long history. As Bentham (1789) used it, utility refers to the experiences of pleasure and pain, the "sovereign masters" that "point out what we ought to do, as well as determine what we shall do." In modern decision research, however, the utility of outcomes refers to their weight in decisions: utility is inferred from observed choices and is in turn used to explain choices. To distinguish the two notions I refer to Bentham's concept as experienced utility and to the modern usage as decision utility. Experienced utility is the focus of this chapter. Contrary to the behaviorist position that led to the abandonment of Bentham's notion (Loewenstein, 1992), the claim made here is that experienced utility can be usefully measured. The chapter presents arguments to support that claim, and speculates about its implications.This essay has three main goals: (1) to present a detailed analysis of the concept of experienced utility and of the relation between the pleasure and pain of moments and the utility of more extended episodes; (2) to argue that experienced utility is best measured by momentbased methods that assess the experience of the present; (3) to develop a moment-based conception of an aspect of human well-being that I will call "objective happiness." The chapter also introduces several unfamiliar concepts that will be used in some of the chapters that follow.Pleasure and pain are attributes of a moment of experience, but the outcomes that people value extend over time. It is therefore necessary to establish a concept of experienced utility that applies to temporally extended outcomes. Two approaches to this task will be compared here.(i) The memory-based approach accepts the subject's retrospective evaluations of past episodes and situations as valid data. The remembered utility of an episode of experience is defined by the subject's retrospective global assessment of it.(ii) The moment-based approach derives the experienced utility of an episode from real-time measures of the pleasure and pain that the subject experienced during that episode. Moment-utility refers to the valence (good or bad) and to the intensity (mild to extreme) of current affective or hedonic experience. The total utility of an episode is derived exclusively from the record of moment-utilities during that episode. for helpful comments. I also thank Peter Wakker for allowing me to use ideas and sentences that we had fashioned together, and Peter McGraw for extremely valuable assistance and useful suggestions.

In this pooled analysis of adolescent and young adult vapers, primary use of later generation e-cigarette devices was substantially more common than use of disposable/cigalike devices. The type of device predominantly used by adolescents and young adults has regulatory implications for policy to reduce adolescent use of e-cigarettes.

Introduction: Population-level communication interventions, such as graphic warning labels (GWLs) on cigarette packs, have the potential to reduce or exacerbate tobacco-related health disparities depending on their effectiveness among disadvantaged sub-populations. This study evaluated the likely impact of nine GWLs proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration on (1) African American and (2) Hispanic smokers, who disproportionately bear the burden of tobaccorelated illness, and (3) low education smokers, who have higher smoking rates. Methods: Data were collected online from current smokers randomly assigned to see GWLs (treatment) or the current text-only warning labels (control). Participants were stratified by age (18-25; 26+) in each of four groups: general population (n = 1246), African Americans (n = 1200), Hispanics (n = 1200), and low education (n = 1790). We tested the effectiveness of GWLs compared to textonly warning labels using eight outcomes that are predictive of quitting intentions or behaviors including negative emotion, intentions to hold back from smoking, intentions to engage in avoidance behaviors, and intentions to quit. Results: Across all outcomes, GWLs were significantly more effective than text-only warning labels more often than expected by chance. Results suggested that African Americans, Hispanics and smokers with low education did not differ from the general population of smokers in their reactions to any of the nine individual GWLs. Conclusions: The nine GWLs were similarly effective for disadvantaged sub-populations and the general population of smokers. Implementation of GWLs is therefore unlikely to reduce or exacerbate existing tobacco-related health disparities, but will most likely uniformly increase intentions and behaviors predictive of smoking cessation.

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