Context -The Landscape approach and the Ecosystem Services (ES) framework have been widely used to investigate human-nature relationships and orient landscape planning and management. However, ecosystem disservices (EDS) and their influence on how people interact with ecosystems have received less attention.Objective -We aimed at assessing people's preferences and perceptions of forest ES and EDS in three contrasted case studies. In the meantime, it aims at discussing the potential of considering both ES and EDS in landscape preference and sociocultural valuation studies.Methods -Interviews with stakeholders were conducted in an agroforestry landscape (France), in the Atlantic Forest and in the Pampa grasslands (Brazil). Identified ES and EDS were classified into a common typology and analyzed through discourse analysis and quantitative methods to assess the variability in ES/EDS perceptions among respondents and among forest types.Results -Respondents cited 19 ES classes and 11 EDS classes, with strong variability among case studies.Contrasted perceptions and preferences among respondents were revealed. In the agroforestry landscape, EDS were particularly emphasized by people and contributed to the variability in people's perceptions. In the Atlantic forest landscape, forested areas tended to contrast based on cultural ecosystem services. In the Pampa case study, EDS were particularly salient in people's preferences concerning exotic forest plantations.Conclusions -This study suggests that different types of forested areas produce specific ES/EDS, suggesting their complementarity at the landscape scale. The combination of ES and EDS therefore offers a promising research avenue for more consistent ES sociocultural valuations and for improving management recommendations.
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP), contribute to the livelihoods of over 6 million people in Amazon and over 4 million people in the Cerrado biomes. Here we explored data on the socio-ecology of extractivist landscapes at the biome scale in Amazonia and Cerrado in Brazil. We found that there are market chains for 45 and 58 NTFPs in Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado, respectively. Although there is a vast repertoire of empirical data for characterizing sociobiodiversity in Brazil this body of literature is mostly case-study driven, focusing on a very limited number of products and using different methodological approaches. Therefore, although there is a robust research legacy meaningful comparisons are very challenging. So far we have a fragmented view of vegetal extractivist dynamics at the biome scale. Our work contributes to upscale from the socioecology of individual NTFP to the biome scale encompassing a variety of products and its associated livelihoods.
By integrating social, ecological, and economic perspectives, the assessment of ecosystem services (ES) provides valuable information for better targeting landscape planning and governance. This chapter summarizes different participatory approaches for assessing ES in urban areas of three countries. In Belo Horizonte (Brazil), a conceptual framework for the vacant lots ES assessment is presented as an attempt to integrate landscape, social, and political dimensions. In Leipzig (Germany), a combination of site surveys, interviews, and remote sensing provides a valuable data set that fostered a comparative study between two forms of urban gardening. In Lisbon (Portugal), the study is based on interviews that offer a social insight into the horticultural parks situation, which in turn demands a better dialogue with the municipality. In general, the studies demonstrate the potential benefits of utilizing the ES assessment approaches on urban landscapes, especially for better understanding the interactions between people and nature in urban sites.
Under detailed settings, tourism can add to the material and immaterial values of the use of biodiversity, such as non-timber forest products (NTFPs) collected by traditional communities, towards sustainability in rural landscapes. A critical aspect is to effectively assess where to implement tourism modalities that enhance NTFP extractivism and reduce the emphasis on the quantities extracted (yields). Here, we map NTFP extractivism and community-based tourism initiatives in Brazil to explore local markets, use a spatially explicit modeling approach and map landscape-scale governance mechanisms to upscale where sociobiodiversity can be successfully cherished through a community-led visitation and management model. Our results show suitable large areas to upscale community-based tourism (CBT) markets for NTFP extractivism in the Amazon and Cerrado, which can be supported by available social capital and partnerships. However, there is a lack of infrastructure and institutions to support their implementation. We evidence innovative ways for enhancing the role of tourism for Brazil’s sociobiodiversity and fostering transitions towards multifunctional sustainable land uses.
O ecoturismo evoluiu como uma estratégia de conservação da biodiversidade e melhoria dos modos de vida rurais em todo o mundo. No Antropoceno, a estrutura das paisagens rurais é modificada e simplificada para atender às demandas da sociedade pela produção de comida. Reverter esse cenário requer promover sinergias entre a produção de comida e recreação/ecoturismo. Uma lacuna crítica, entretanto, é explorar onde o ecoturismo pode aprimorar os valores materiais e imateriais do uso da biodiversidade, como o extrativismo de produtos florestais não-madeireiros (PFNMs). No Brasil, paisagens rurais são transformadas para atender à demanda global por commodities agrícolas, como única estratégia de desenvolvimento territorial. A sociobiodiversidade corresponde aos conhecimentos e práticas de comunidades tradicionais e agricultores no uso da biodiversidade, como os PFNMs. Mas esses produtos, em grande parte, são valorizados economicamente pelo mercado com base na quantidade produzida (toneladas). O ecoturismo, sob condições específicas, pode agregar valor à sociobiodiversidade. Por sua vez, a sociobiodiversidade pode aumentar a qualidade do ecoturismo, que tem sido parcialmente inserido nas leis e programas federais de desenvolvimento territorial. Se associados, o ecoturismo e a sociobiodiversidade podem promover usos multifuncionais da terra (recreação e produção de comida) associados a vegetação nativa em pé em áreas protegidas e enclaves rurais no Brasil. Este estudo adota uma abordagem multiescala para avaliar onde o uso da biodiversidade associado aos conhecimentos e práticas de comunidades tradicionais e agricultores pode ser aprimorado pelo ecoturismo nos biomas brasileiros. A análise multicritério e modelagem espacialmente explícita foram usadas para identificar áreas potenciais na escala nacional. Em seguida, uma lista de iniciativas locais de ecoturismo foi avaliada para validar as inter-relações, explorar possíveis limitações e condições-chave para que o ecoturismo e a sociobiodiversidade sejam alternativas ao uso intensivo da terra. Os resultados mostram grandes áreas na Amazônia, no Cerrado e na Mata Atlântica onde o ecoturismo poderia aprimorar os valores materiais e imateriais da sociobiodiversidade. Entretanto, há um desencontro entre a localização dessas áreas e a presença de estradas federais e aeroportos internacionais, bem como associações e cooperativas, fundações e institutos para financiamento e parcerias. De modo geral, as iniciativas locais de ecoturismo reforçam os valores no uso da biodiversidade pelas comunidades tradicionais através de modelos de gestão baseados na comunidade, investimentos em capital social e parcerias, contudo, poucas promovem os saberes tradicionais no uso dos PFNMs como produto turístico. Este estudo apresenta uma metodologia para a análise espacialmente explícita das sinergias entre ecoturismo e sociobiodiversidade e informa formuladores de políticas sobre áreas potenciais onde promover usos multifuncionais da terra no Brasil.
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