This preliminary randomized trial examined the effect of a resilience-oriented intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) versus a waitlist control on anxiety and depressive symptoms, positive emotional health, and cognitive performance in 39 veterans with a variety of traumatic exposures. From pre- to posttreatment, the intervention but not the control group showed improvements that were large in magnitude for affective symptoms and positive emotional health (ds = 0.73-1.18), moderate in magnitude for memory (ds = 0.50-0.54), and small-to-moderate in magnitude for executive function (ds = 0.30-0.35). Findings suggest that treatment explicitly targeting resilience resources (e.g., positive emotional engagement, social connectedness) may provide broad benefits, including alleviation of anxiety and depressive symptoms and improved positive emotional and cognitive function.
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics are prescribed for the treatment of infections, but resistance to this family of antibiotics is growing. Here we report that loss of the global regulatory protein cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP) or its allosteric effector, cAMP, reduces susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. A Δ mutation was synergistic with the primary fluoroquinolone resistance allele , thus able to contribute to clinically relevant resistance. Decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones could be partly explained by decreased expression of the outer membrane porin genes and with a concomitant increase in the expression of the ciprofloxacin resistance efflux pump gene in Δ cells. Expression of , which encode the DNA supercoiling enzyme GyrAB, which is blocked by fluoroquinolones, and expression of, which encodes the dominant supercoiling-relaxing enzyme topoisomerase I, were unchanged in Δ cells. Yet Δ cells maintained a more relaxed state of DNA supercoiling, correlating with an observed increase in topoisomerase IV () expression. Surprisingly, the Δ mutation had the unanticipated effect of enhancing fitness in the presence of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, which can be explained by the observation that exposure of Δ cells to ciprofloxacin had the counterintuitive effect of restoring wild-type levels of DNA supercoiling. Consistent with this, Δ cells did not become elongated or induce the SOS response when challenged with ciprofloxacin. These findings implicate the combined action of multiple drug resistance mechanisms in Δ cells: reduced permeability and elevated efflux of fluoroquinolones coupled with a relaxed DNA supercoiling state that buffers cells against GyrAB inhibition by fluoroquinolones.
Between the years 1621-24, Scotland and the north of England were afflicted by a famine which must count amongst the more important demographic events of the seventeenth century. Michael Flinn did not flinch from calling it "a national disaster" which may have surpassed the so-called "Seven Ill Years" of the 1690s in its scale and intensity. i The timing of the famine is also significant; twenty-four separate cases of either localised or national food shortages have been identified in the period 1550-1600, but by the second decade of the seventeenth century, Scotland seems to have been exporting surplus grain and reducing imports of victual from the Baltic. ii The crisis of 1621-24 has primarily raised interest amongst historians who see it as an indicator of the persistent instability of what was still, for most people, a subsistence economy in Scotland. Furthermore, it has been used to highlight the shortcomings of a poor relief system that was not designed to cope with large-scale destitution. iii Rosalind Mitchison's work has been particularly influential in establishing this view. She rightly stressed how formidable obstacles to collective action in the localities severely limited the effectiveness of legislation on poor
This paper examines the function of systems which are now available for voice input into computer memory. Strengths of present systems are discussed along with their weaknesses. Situations in which a voice data entry system is appropriate are explored as well as those system requirements which make voice input device systems feasible. One voice input device is tested in an industrial situation. The system is compared to two other methods of data entry on the basis of data entry time, total task time, and on error rate. The voice system shows longer entry time when compared with standard keyboarding but with higher accuracy. When the voice system is allowed to function to its potential by eliminating intermediate steps in the process, it is more efficient and more accurate. Tests conducted have shown that the maximum number of entries per minute over a very short duration (10 sec.) was about fifty-five. In an eight-minute sustained test, rates of about forty entries per minute were possible, but in long-term, the rate dropped to about 26 entries per minute. With proper coding and use on tasks where some components can be shortened or eliminated, the voice can be better than the keyboard.
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