Students' engagement in a classroom is a key factor that influences several educational outcomes. Studies by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and British universities found that 40% of students are frequently experiencing boredom and less than 20% of students ask questions in class due to poor engagement. A survey by Malaysia's Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) found that 80% of the participating schools fell into the poor performance bracket. However, studies in this line of research are limited and scattered. To provide a clear insight into this problem and support researchers, it is crucial to understand the current state of research in this area. Consequently, in this paper, a comprehensive review is conducted to map the literature studies to a consistent taxonomy. Search terms revealed 87 papers from several databases that have been classified into seven categories. A systematic review method is applied, analysis is performed, and finally, findings, discussion, and recommendations are presented.
Students' emotional engagement in classrooms has always been regarded as a crucial factor influencing educational outcomes. Emotionally engaged students are highly motivated to attend classes and participate actively in discussions. Conversely, emotionally disengaged students are habitual truants and/or often misbehave in classrooms. It is time-consuming to conduct research using traditional methods such as data collection or questionnaire. Furthermore, as these experiments are conducted on humans, limited settings can be organized and difficult to control/monitor. Therefore, in this paper, we present our work-in-progress to address the problem. We propose a conceptual emotion-based model that is animated by an agent-based social simulator. We also propose an algorithmic approach that decides whether to maintain or update a proposed action plan for improving students' engagement in a classroom. The rudimentary theory of this proposal is based on three main elements: the engagement level of students, the emotional state of a lecturer and the emotional state of students in a classroom.
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