Objective:To study the effect of Quinoa seed on carbon tetrachloride (CCL 4 )-induced liver toxicity in Swiss albino male mice. Methods:Swiss albino male mice were divided into three groups: Group 1 served as control group; Group 2 served as hepatotoxic group (CCl 4 treated); and Group 3 served as combination of Quinoa seed powder (20 mg/kg) + CCl 4 -treated group. The effect of these groups on liver tissue was studied after three different periods of 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Liver marker enzyme level of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase and liver antioxidant enzyme level of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione were measured. Further, histopathological analysis of liver was also conducted. Results:The results showed that the treatment with Quinoa seed powder significantly reduced CCl 4 -induced elevated serum level of hepatic enzymes and restored the level of liver antioxidant enzymes toward the normal levels, which was also confirmed by histopathological studies. Conclusion:Results of the present study concluded that the Quinoa seed (Chenopodium quinoa) showed hepatoprotective effect against CCl 4 -induced liver damage in Swiss albino male mice.

The insecticide formulation, dicofol (18.5% EC) was evaluated for its toxic potential in developing chick embryo. Fertilized eggs of Gallus domesticus on 4th day of incubation were immersed in aqueous emulsions of dicofol at concentrations of 250 mg L À1 , 500 mg L À1 , and 1000 mg L À1 for 60 min at 37 C. These concentrations were corresponding to those used in plant protection practice (500 mg L À1 ). Two control groups of eggs were used: one group was immersed in distilled water (vehicle) and the second group was kept as untreated to study background toxicity. On embryonic day 7; recovered embryos were evaluated for mortality rate, wet body weight, gross morphological malformations, and some biochemical changes. The result revealed that administration of dicofol did not result in significant changes in wet body weight of embryo but the survival rate of dicofol treated embryos were markedly reduced as compared with controls. Among the survivors, the number of malformations was exhibited by dicofol treated embryos in dose-dependent manner. Among biochemical changes, only total protein content of embryo significantly ( p 0.05) reduced to 500 mg L À1 and 1000 mg L À1 . Among enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities were affected, which showed significant elevations.

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<p>To investigate the protective role of broccoli powder “<em>Brassica Oleracea Italica</em>” against continuous ingestion of escitalopram antidepressant drug induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino male mice.</p><p>Mice were divided into different groups. Group1: Normal control (0.9% NaCl), Group 2: Escitalopram drug treated only (20 mg/kg), Group 3: Broccoli powder with Escitalopram drug treated (200 mg/kg + 20 mg/kg), Group 4: Olive oil vehicle control, Group 5: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) referenced as positive control (33 mg/kg), Group 6: Broccoli powder with CCl₄ treated (200 mg/kg + 33 mg/kg). The effect of these groups on liver tissue was studied after three different time periods for 4, 8 and 12 weeks.</p>The results showed that the treatment with escitalopram drug displayed significantly increased serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP level and alter liver antioxidant enzymes level (LPO, SOD and GSH) that are comparable with CCl₄intoxicated group considered as positive control. Comparing escitalopram drug treated group with group that received both broccoli powder and escitalopram drug displayed a significant decrease in serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP levels and restored the level of antioxidant enzymes. The protective effect of broccoli powder on escitalopram drug induced hepatotoxicity was also supported by histopathological studies.<p> </p>

Antidepressants induced metabolic syndrome is a major public health problem in the treatment of psychiatric disorders which leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and renal dysfunction. Psychiatric disorder is a mental illness that includes depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorder that affect millions of people around the world. The purpose of present study was to investigate the protective role of broccoli powder against continuous ingestion of antidepressant drug induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. In present study mice were continuously treated with escitalopram antidepressant drug (20 mg/kg/b.w. orally) for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. The escitalopram drug intoxicated group showed elevation in serum urea and creatinine level. Escitalopram drug intoxicated group also showed degeneration of glomerulus and renal tubule that are comparable with carbon tetrachloride (33 mg/kg) group considered as positive control. Group that received both broccoli powder and escitalopram drug (200 mg/kg + 20 mg/kg) significantly reduced elevated level of serum urea and creatinine with mild degeneration of glomerulus and renal tubule as compared to antidepressant drug intoxicated group.

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Fenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide with moderate mammalian toxicity. It affects the central nervous system and is used for the control of flies and ticks in barns and stables. Exposure of this insecticide to humans occurs in the field. The present study was conducted to observe the toxicity of insecticide on biochemical and blood parameters after treatment with fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid and find out the possible protective role of Quinoa seeds in Swiss albino mice. The mice in this study were divided into 5 groups, and 6 animals were taken into each group. Group A control mice received vehicle distilled water only. Group B and C were administered with fenvalerate at 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight respectively for 30 days. Group D was administered 12.5 mg/kg fenvalerate +25 mg/kg Quinoa seeds and Group E received 25 mg/kg fenvalerate +50 mg/kg Quinoa seeds. Fenvalerate treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT). Administration of Quinoa seeds along with fenvalerate resulted in a decrease in these biochemical values. A significant increase in the number of RBC, WBC and haemoglobin was observed in the fenvalerate-treated groups. The result suggests a possible protective role of Quinoa seeds on fenvalerate toxicity.