In an age of advancing endoscopic and lithotripsy technologies, the management of urolithiasis poses a unique opportunity to advance compassionate veterinary care, not only for patients with urolithiasis but for those with other urinary diseases as well. The following are consensus‐derived, research and experience‐supported, patient‐centered recommendations for the treatment and prevention of uroliths in dogs and cats utilizing contemporary strategies. Ultimately, we hope that these recommendations will serve as a foundation for ongoing and future clinical research and inspiration for innovative problem solving.

Cisplatin/piroxicam induced remission more frequently than cisplatin alone in a canine model of human invasive TCC. Strategies to reduce renal toxicity need to be developed prior to evaluation of cisplatin/piroxicam in humans or general use of this treatment in pet dogs.

Invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder responds poorly to medical therapy. Combining platinum chemotherapy with a cyclooxygenase (cox) inhibitor has shown promise against canine TCC, where the disease closely mimics the human condition. A phase II clinical trial of carboplatin combined with the cox inhibitor, piroxicam, was performed in 31 dogs with naturally occurring, histopathologically confirmed, measurable TCC. Complete tumour staging was performed before and at 6-week intervals during therapy. Tumour responses in 29 dogs included 11 partial remissions, 13 stable disease and five progressive disease. Two of the 31 dogs were withdrawn prior to the re-staging of the tumour. Gastrointestinal toxicity was observed in 23 dogs. Hematologic toxicity was noted in 11 dogs. The median survival was 161 days from first carboplatin treatment to death. In conclusion, carboplatin/piroxicam induced remission in 40% of dogs providing evidence that a cox inhibitor enhances the antitumour activity of carboplatin. The frequent toxicity and limited survival, however, do not support the use of this specific protocol against TCC.

No abstract

Successful treatment and prevention of kidney disease in dogs requires a multi-dimensional approach to identify and eliminate causes or exacerbating factors, provide professional evaluation on a regular basis and implement a comprehensive treatment programme when necessary. Over the years, many therapeutic and preventive interventions have been developed or advocated for chronic kidney disease in dogs, but evidence of efficacy or effectiveness is often lacking or highly variable. Accordingly, the main objective of this systematic review was to identify and critically appraise the evidence supporting various aspects of managing canine chronic kidney disease.

Practical relevance Successful treatment and prevention of kidney disease in pet animals requires a multidimensional approach to identify and eliminate causes or exacerbating factors, provide professional examination and care on a regular basis, and plan and implement a comprehensive treatment program when necessary. Evidence base Over the years, many therapeutic and preventive interventions have been developed or advocated for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but evidence of efficacy or effectiveness is often lacking or highly variable. Accordingly, the main objective of this systematic review was to identify and critically appraise the evidence supporting various approaches to managing feline CKD; namely, fluid therapy, calcitrioi therapy, antihypertensive therapy, ACE inhibitor therapy, erythropoietic hormone replacement therapy, potassium supplementation, antioxidant supplementation, alkalinization therapy, dietary phosphorus restriction and intestinal phosphate binders, therapeutic renal foods, assisted feeding, dialysis and renal transplantation.

Topical sclerotherapy for IRH was safe and effective. Local sclerotherapy for IRH in dogs could be considered a valuable and minimally invasive renal-sparing treatment over ureteronephrectomy.

Glomerulonephritis has been associated with exogenous glucocorticoid administration and spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in the dog. The purpose of this study was t o determine the effects of long-term glucocorticoid therapy on urine pr0tein:creatinine ratios (UP/Cs) and renal morphology. Nine young-adult male dogs were determined t o be healthy and have normal renal function as assessed by physical examination, CBC, serum biochemistry analysis, Knott's test for Dirofilaria immitis, urinalysis, urine culture, urine protein electrophoresis, endogenous creatinine clearance, 24-hour urinary protein excretion, and UP/C. Prednisone was administered t o each dog at a dosage of 2.2 mg/kg PO bid for 42 days. Urinalysis and UP/C were performed on days 0,7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 of treatment. Mean UP/C on day 0 was 0.29 t 0.10. Mean UP/C increased progressively t o a maximum of 1.27 ? 1.02 on day 28. Mean UPIC on day 42 decreased lomerulonephritis and proteinuria have been associated G with exogenous glucocorticoid administration and spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in the dog.' A recent study documented an association between spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism, proteinuria, and systemic hypertension in dogs.' The mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced proteinuria are poorly understood but may include immunosuppressive effects' and hypertensive glomerular damage.4Immune-mediated diseases may affect the glomerulus directly, resulting in glomerular origin proteinuria.' Glucocorticoids also may promote proteinuria and glomerular damTherefore, dogs treated with glucocorticoids for immune-mediated diseases may develop proteinuria from immune-mediated glomerular disease, from glucocorticoid administration, or both. Because of the potential confounding effect of glucocorticoid administration on proteinuria, accurate monitoring of disease resolution via serial UP/Cs in patients treated with glucocorticoids may be difficult, if not impossible.A relationship between either spontaneous or iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism and the development of glomerular disease has not been definitely defined in dogs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of prednisone administration on UP/Cs and renal morphology in dogs. Materials and MethodsTen healthy young adult male Beagles were housed in runs in a temperature-controlled animal facility in accordance with Animal Care and Use Guidelines. The dogs were fed a commercial dry dog food containing 28% protein on a dry-matter basis (Purina Dog Chow 5006, Purina Mills, St. Louis, MO) and given water ad libitum.Each dog was clinically normal as assessed by physical examination and baseline clinicopathologic data, including CBC (Coulter Model S Plus V, Coulter Electronics Inc, Hialeah, FL), serum biochemistry analysis (Kodak Ectochem 700, Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY), Knott's test for D. immitis, urinalysis, endogenous creatinine clearance, 24-hour urinary protein excretion, urine bacterial culture, urine protein electrophoresis (Paragon Electrophoresis System, Beckman Instruments, Inc, Brea, ...