Space travel is on the brink of a new era. Larry Bell, Professor of Architecture and Space Architecture at the University of Houston, describes how new ambitions are being reached for, such as the exploration of distant Mars, which will require longer and ever more complex missions. At the same time Space is being opened up internationally, with the participation of China and India, and space tourism is introducing privatisation and new commercial players.
One of the most arresting characters in medieval literature, appearing in the Old English Gospel of Nicodemus, is seo hell, an apparently female chthonic figure who engages in a memorable flyting with Satan and orders him out of “her” dwelling (ut of mýnre onwununge) Her vivid personification in a dramatically excellent scene suggests that her gender is more than grammatical, and invites comparison with the Old Norse underworld goddess Hel and the Frau Hölle of German folklore, to say nothing of underworld goddesses in other cultures.
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