Calophyllum brasiliense (Cb) belongs to the Clusiaceae family and it is generally used for diabetes treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of Cb's hydroethanolic extract (CBE) on diabetic induced rats by streptozotocin and evaluate the content of polyphenols and tannins of the extract. The polyphenols and tannins evaluation in the extract were determinated by a spectrophotometer in 760 nm and isocratic HPLC system and reverse phase column (C18). The induction of diabetes was performed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and was confirmed by a histopathological analysis. The total content of polyphenols and tannins (gallic acid) in CBE was 0.025 ± 0.0028 mg/mL (4.77%) and 8.262 ± 0.417 µg/mL, respectively. According to the oral glucose tolerance test that was performed both in normal and diabetic mice, the treatment with 500 mg/kg of CBE appeared to significantly reduce the blood glucose levels compared to the untreated group (P < 0.001). The treatment of diabetic mice with 500 mg/kg of CBE for 30 days significantly improved diabetes clinical symptoms (polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weight loss) (P < 0.001). After the urinary glucose analysis, it was found that the treatment with 500 mg/kg of CBE significantly decreased the urinary glucose levels at an average of 177.55 ± 17.8 mg/dL (32.40%) (P < 0.001). In relation to the blood glucosemeasurements, it was shown that the groups treated with 500 mg/kg CBE and 3 mg/kg of Glibenclamide had significantly lower levels of blood glucose when compared to nontreated group (P < 0.001) 24.09% (143.36 ± 19.6 mg/dL) and 36.04% (200.08 ± 14.9 mg/dL), respectively). The histopathological analysis revealed an increase in the number of endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans in the groups treated with CBE500 and insulin. Therefore, it was concluded that the treatment with 500 mg/kg of CBE exhibited anti-diabetic activity.
In vivo and in vitroIn this study, phytochemical screening and evaluation were done for the antiplasmodial activity using in vitro test in Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo test in murine model (Plasmodium berghei) of the crude ethanolic extract of roots of Amasonia campestris (Aubl.) Moldenke (CEEAc), popularly known as mendoca and according to surveys ethnobotanically performed in this study, it is used as antimalarial in the State of Amapá, Amazonia, Brazil. The results of the phytochemical screening of CEEAc showed the presence of organic acids, reducing sugars, phenols, tannins, alkaloids and anthocyanins. The CEEAc showed reduction of 96% of the parasitic infection with the dose of 90 μg/mL and moderate antiplasmodial activity, with IC 50 value of 42.94 μg/mL on the in vitro assay and partial antimalarial activity just on the highest dose tested (1000 mg/kg), with reduction of parasitic infection of 42.1% on the 5th day and of 37% on the seventh day after inoculation. The other doses were considered inactive. This is the first study reporting the use of A. campestris, to perform more detailed studies on its antiplasmodial and phytochemical activities with the aim to isolate bioactive compounds and elucidate the mechanisms of action.
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