The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that an architectural conservation area, as a rule, is part of the central territory of the city, which is subject to a special regime of protection of historical and cultural heritage and the status of the land of historical and cultural designation. Nowadays, in the structure of historical cities, there are a number of architectural conservation areas of both national and local significance, for which a special role is played by the unity and complexity of measures to preserve the historical planning structure and architectural substance. Preserving and increasing the historical and cultural values of the nature reserves environment is crucial for creating attractive interactive recreation areas. At the same time, it is of particular importance to determine the trends of interactive recreation in the conservation areas in the entire historical process to further develop the recreational opportunities of public urban spaces. The purpose of the study is to determine the attractions and recreational capacity, richness and diversity of elements of architectural and urban heritage in the territories of the conservation areas, which together constitute the potential for optimal development of the interactive recreation system.
The article examines the main ways of resolving permanent contradictions between the historical features of the center of a large city and the modern needs of society in the process of urban modernization, taking into account the particular complexity of the problem of reconstructing their central parts. The town-planning substance of the city center, which was formed over the centuries, has outstanding architectural and historical advantages, the need to preserve and multiply them has ceased to be the subject of discussion; today it is recognized as an act of special social, cultural, aesthetic and moral significance. At the same time, intensive urban growth, the evolution of society and its needs, involves the development and transformation of the whole system of cultural and public services of the city, the highest level of which is a city center, capable of It is the center of the city that has a concentrated imagination of the unusualness, much needed for city residents, too uniform in the processes of technological progress. With undoubted merits aimed at raising the civilizational level, these processes are inseparable from the threat of erasing individual traits and various spheres of life and human activity. This fact underlies emotionally – an aesthetic phenomenon, as today is the pronounced gravitation of the inhabitants of anonymous areas of cities to the uniqueness of historical urban environment in one way or another stored in the historical centers of large urban integrating various parts of the urban structure into a holistic urban formations. The connection of times in the process of city development should ensure the continuity of the path from historical experience to the realization of existing needs and from it to the notions of the future, which gives grounds for determining promising goals already in the present reality. Ensuring the continuity of the path of historical development of the city while preserving the integrity and individuality of its image requires the development of characteristic methods of its formation that simultaneously meet modern requirements. The relationship between the categories of traditions and innovation determines continuity as the main condition for the progressive movement in the development of cultural values, and is primarily in architecture and town-building art, forming the environment of the existence of a number of generations and epochs, thereby imparting a concrete existential expression to the problem of continuity. The problems of «old and new» in the structure of the central parts of historical cities require a comprehensive solution of the main tasks: analysis of the interdependence of the functional and planning categories of the urban center structure and the characteristic manifestations of functional planning solutions of different time periods; to reveal the basic principles of co-position-spatial interaction of the elements of the city center system on the basis of factors affecting the character of the spatial organization of the microstructures of the center in the process of their historical development; definitions of the main directions of the volumetric-plastic harmonization of the existing and new development on the basis of an analysis of the methods of architectonic revalorization and modern interpretation of the characteristic features of the historical architectural substance in accordance with the general informative background of the environment.
The article analyzes the main features of the interaction of functional filling and planning urban planning techniques in the central parts of major historical cities in the course of their development. Such an analysis is essential to the choice of optimal reconstructive solutions, with the necessary preservation of the historical and aesthetic value of the urban heritage. Similarly to the influence of the functional purpose of the building on the whole complex of planning and composite solutions, the primary definition of the semantic meaning of urban formation is directly influenced by the drawing and its plan, the logic of the interaction of the main urban planning categories from antiquity to our time. Thus, the main functional designation of medieval European cities as trading, defense and military ports has developed characteristic forms of their plans, optimal for the proper functioning of urban entities. Subsequently, after the destruction of irrelevant fortifications and in the process of territorial growth of cities significantly increases the range and volume of city functions and takes advantage of an open flexible scheme of microstructures in the developed system of the center outside the central core, which should maintain a high rank of historical and cultural emphasis of the city. In order to avoid the phenomena of functional degradation of separate spaces of the center or excessive dynamism of functions capable of distorting the value of historical and architectural substance, it is necessary to estimate the optimal capacity of the city center, that is, the quantitative and qualitative optimum of functions, which can perceive the historical environment without reducing its cultural and aesthetic values due to the harmonious interaction of functional and planning categories. This harmony can be achieved not only by adapting the contents and form of the city center to new needs, but also by adjusting these needs to the optimal possibilities of the historical environment, which may partially offset the comfort of the home by its special advantages.
The article considers the issues of the integrity of the spatial organization of urban centers in the process of their development due to the hereditary use of the features of external and internal compositional constructions and connections. The central part of the historic city, with all the variety of its microstructures, has the unity of internal compositional-spatial solutions of the open in space and time system of the city center. Particular attention is paid to the composition of urban centers, the desire for clarity of their definition, to emphasize the internal integrity, to highlight the structure of the city. At the same time, the center should be the focus of the characteristics of the city as a whole, to determine its image, uniqueness, individuality. Determining the basic principles of hereditary development of compositional and spatial features of urban centers expands the boundaries of research on the interdependence of semantic and semiotic characteristics of their structure in the process of development and in modern conditions. The city center is a concentrated imagination of the unusualness that is so necessary for the inhabitants of cities that are too uniform in the processes of modern technical and technological progress. These processes are inseparable from the threat of erasure of individual features in the field of urban planning, which today in comparison with the historical architectural and urban heritage is characterized by much less socio-humanistic specificity in only one city, but also the country and even a number of countries. This fact underlies the emotional-aesthetic phenomenon, which is the attraction of the inhabitants of anonymous cities to the uniqueness of the environment, preserved in the central parts of historic cities. That is why the preservation of the originality of the compositional and spatial constructions of the city center acquires special significance.
Abstract. The multifaceted problem of the relationship between the old and the new in the structure of cities subject to reconstructive transformation covers not only the range of tasks for the integration of historically composed and new buildings, but also a number of ambiguous issues of architectural revaluation of historical architectural and urban planning substance. lost elements to improve the aesthetic value of the urban environment and further preserve its integrity. If the solution of issues of urban coherence of historical and new buildings is based on the variability of the respective location in the urban structure of urban formation, the ways of architectural revaluation are based on the principles of volumetric and tectonic perfection of historical substance. ensembles, often by means of finely tempered harmonization of old and new architectural solutions (Hereditary development of compositional and spatial features of the city center). European urbanism of the twentieth century. He also knows cases of architectural revaluation of large urban complexes, such as in the process of restoration after the military destruction of the historic areas of Warsaw and Gdansk, where the problem of restoring the architectural integrity of buildings was combined with issues of restoration, reconstruction, modernization and necessary rehabilitation. on the legitimacy of such revaluation measures, which were not based on the restoration of authentic historical heritage, but in fact on its reproduction "from the ground up", based not only on scientifically sound materials, but often on architectural conjecture, method of analogues, etc. The controversy over the architectural revaluation of historic buildings began in the late nineteenth century, when the issues of conservation and restoration in a set of reconstructive urban planning tasks began to require immediate resolution. Renowned British art critic John Ruskin, reacting sharply to the imperfections of restoration work that led to significant distortions and even distortions of valuable historical substance in various countries, said: «Reproduction from nothing of something that was once great and beautiful in architecture is as impossible as return to life…» (Рёскин 81–82).
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