RESUMO: O processo de germinação tem início com a embebição, por ocasião da água disponível, a qual desencadeia uma sequência de mudanças metabólicas que culminam com a protrusão da raiz primária, em sementes viáveis. Pela organização do sistema de membranas celulares, um método que pode indicar o nível de vigor das sementes é a condutividade. Objetivouse avaliar e modelar o processo de embebição de sementes de grão-de-bico, além de estabelecer metodologia eficiente para volume de água, tempo de embebição e número de sementes no teste de condutividade elétrica. Foram utilizados oito lotes, sendo quatro da cultivar BRS Aleppo e quatro da cultivar Cícero que foram submetidos ao teste de germinação e vigor para caracterização inicial. A condutividade elétrica foi conduzida com subamostras de 50 e 75 sementes utilizando 75 e 100 mL de água deionizada, e avaliou-se os períodos 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24 e 30 h, mantidas à temperatura de 25 °C. O experimento de condutividade elétrica foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Para cinética de embebição foi ajustado o modelo de Peleg. A metodologia mais adequada foi a utilização de 75 sementes, volume de 100 mL de água durante 30 h. O modelo de Peleg foi eficiente na descrição do processo de absorção de água, ainda que haja diferenças no potencial fisiológico dos lotes. Palavras-chave: Cicer arietinum L.; lixiviados; metabolismo; modelo de Peleg; vigorElectrical conductivity test and soaking of chickpea seeds ABSTRACT: The germination process begins with the imbibition, during the available water, which triggers a sequence of metabolic changes that culminate in the protrusion of the primary root into viable seeds. By the organization of the cell membrane system, a method that can indicate the level of seed vigor is the conductivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate and model the process of imbibition of chickpea seeds, in addition to establishing an efficient methodology for water volume, imbibition time and number of seeds in the electric conductivity test. Eight lots were used, four of the BRS Aleppo cultivar and four of the Cícero cultivar, which were submitted to the germination and vigor test for initial characterization. The electrical conductivity was conducted with 50 and 75 seed subsamples using 75 and 100 mL of deionized water, and the periods 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24 and 30 h were maintained at 25 °C. The experiment of electrical conductivity was in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The Peleg model was adjusted for imbibition kinetics. The most appropriate methodology was the use of 75 seeds, volume of 100 mL of water for 30 h. The Peleg model was efficient in describing the process of water absorption, although there were differences in the physiological potential of the lots.
-Several factors affect the electrical conductivity test efficiency, with emphasis given to the initial water content and the temperature during imbibition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the initial water content of pea seeds and the temperature on the electrical conductivity test efficiency. Six lots of 'Mikado' pea were used, which were previously tested for initial characterization. In the first trial, based on the initial value of the samples, the seed moisture content was adjusted to 9, 11, 13 and 15% and then the seeds were submitted to the electrical conductivity test. In the second trial, the water for seed imbibition was kept for 24 hours at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ºC, and after that time the seeds were added and soaked for other 24 hours at the temperatures already mentioned. It was observed that initial seed moisture content and water temperature during imbibition influenced the results of the electrical conductivity test. This test should be carried out with distilled water, previously maintained for 24 hours at 25 °C for temperature stabilization. Then, the seeds with seed moisture content between 11 and 15% should be put to soak at 25 °C, and maintained at this temperature for 24 hours.Index terms: Pisum sativum, imbibition, exudates, vigor.Temperatura e teor de água afetam o teste de condutividade elétrica em sementes de ervilha RESUMO -Vários fatores interferem na eficiência do teste de condutividade elétrica, com destaque para teor de água inicial e temperatura durante a embebição. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do teor de água inicial das sementes de ervilha e da temperatura na eficiência do teste de condutividade elétrica. Utilizaram-se seis lotes de ervilha 'Mikado' que foram submetidos a testes para caracterização inicial. No primeiro ensaio, baseado na umidade inicial das amostras, foi ajustado o teor de água para 9, 11, 13 e 15% e, posteriormente, foram submetidas ao teste de condutividade elétrica. No segundo ensaio, a água para embebição das sementes foi mantida por 24 horas a 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 °C e, após este período, adicionou-se às sementes e foram colocadas para embeber por mais 24 horas nas referidas temperaturas. Observou-se que teor de água inicial e temperatura da água durante a embebição influenciaram nos resultados do teste de condutividade elétrica. Este teste deve ser realizado com água destilada previamente mantida por 24 horas a 25 °C para estabilização da temperatura, posteriormente as sementes, com teor de água entre 11 e 15%, colocadas para embeber na temperatura de 25 °C, mantidas nesta temperatura por 24 horas.Termos para indexação: Pisum sativum, embebição, exsudatos, vigor.
The objective of this work was to establish the temperature and the period of exposure needed to perform the traditional accelerated ageing test with saturated NaCl salt solution on chickpea seeds. Eight seed lots from two cultivars, including four seeds each, were subjected to germination and vigour tests for initial characterization. Following the methodology of the traditional accelerated ageing test. The seeds were placed on stainless steel screens in boxes with 40 mL deionized water. They were kept at 41 and 45º Celsius for 24 and 48 hours. Furthermore, the accelerated ageing test using [40 g of NaCl in 100 mL of water, thus providing 76% of relative humidity in air] NaCl (salt) solution in place of the deionized water was performed. Aged seeds were sowed in germination paper and kept in a germination chamber at 41º and 45º Celsius. The evaluations were performed five and eight days after sowing. The statistical analysis was performed with a completely randomized design and four replications. The traditional ageing of both cultivars showed a water content higher than the tolerated limits at 48 hour period and 41 and 45 °C. In the saturated saline test, the cultivar BRS Aleppo produced consistent results at temperatures 45 °C for 24 h. The cultivar Cícero showed a low correlation with the initial characterization as the results of accelerated ageing. Thus, for ‘BRS Aleppo’, the recommended accelerated ageing methodology was application of saturated saline solution, when seed exposed to 41 °C for 24 hours with germination evaluation at the first count date. For 'Cicero', satisfactory results were not obtained, and new studies are required to establish a methodology.
Although the influence of lunar phase on plant growth and development has been disregarded by most researchers, there is still little data in the literature regarding the influence of lunar phase within a controlled environment. Objective evaluates the influence of lunar phase on the germination of creole corn and on seedling development in a controlled environment. The experimental design was completely randomized with the following treatments: four lunar phases (full, waxing, waning and new), with four replications totaling 50 seeds per treatment. The treatments started on the first day of the waxing phase and extended to the full phase within the same month, respecting the germination period (nine days) and the length of each moon phase (roughly seven days). The following parameters were evaluated: germination rate, seedling length, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots. Seedlings germinated during the waning lunar phase were longer and had greater fresh root weight and greater fresh and dry shoot weights than did seedlings germinated during the other phases. However, some limiting factors (long term experiments and in different places in the world) must be considered in future research to determine whether moon phase affects germination. Thus, longer-term, controlled, and modeled studies are needed to analyze external factors, which may influence the germination of cultivar seeds.
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