Distribution and host plants of Bactrocera cucurbitae in West and Central Africa. Abstract-Introduction. The data on Bactrocera cucurbitae collected over a large area of West Africa for around the past ten years enables us to make a synthesis, since this economically significant species is now widespread. Fruit samples were collected in the course of various trips to Africa; we focused on looking for the melon fly, B. cucurbitae (Coquillett). Equipment and methods. The Tephritidae were captured by means of trapping the adults and collecting holed fruit containing larvae. The fruit samples were taken from Cucurbitaceae found in the sub-region, and from other plant families hosting melon fly larvae. Fruit holed by flies were collected from untreated orchards and taken to the laboratory to be weighed, counted and classified by species, variety, date and location. The larvae collected metamorphosed into pupae. After hatching from the pupae, the adults were recovered. Results and discussion. The samples taken enabled us to determine the distribution of B. cucurbitae in West Africa; this species was found in Benin,
-Introduction. Losses in West African commercial mango orchards due to fruit fly infestations have exceeded 50% by the middle of the crop season since 2005, resulting in considerable income loss for the growers. Materials and methods. In 2009, weekly monitoring of adult fruit fly species of economic significance was carried out in eight West African countries at 12 sites across five agroecological zones: (i) Humid Forest, (ii) Guinean savanna, (iii) Southern Sudan, (iv) Northern Sudan, and (v) Sahelian. Trapping was performed using methyl eugenol and terpinyl acetate in 288 Tephritraps, targeting Bactrocera invadens and Ceratitis cosyra. Results. The data showed that B. invadens was present throughout the year in the Forest zone, abundant for 7 months, with a peak in May at the end of the mango season, C. cosyra being totally absent. In the Guinean savanna zone, B. invadens was abundant for 6-7 months, with a peak at the beginning of June coinciding with the season, with a few C. cosyra. In the Southern Sudan zone, B. invadens was abundant for 6 months, with a peak in mid-June during the season, C. cosyra peaking in April. In the Northern Sudan zone, B. invadens was abundant for 5 months, with a peak at the end of June at the end of the season, C. cosyra peaking in May. In the Sahelian zone, B. invadens was abundant for 4 months, peaking in August during the season, C. cosyra peaking just before. These preliminary results showed that the exotic species, B. invadens, was present at high levels [mean peak of 378 flies per trap per day (FTD)] in all agro-ecological zones, while the native species, C. cosyra, preferred the drier zones of West Africa, with lower population levels (mean peak of 77 FTD). Conclusion. Detection trapping of male flies with parapheromones is a useful indicator of field population levels and could be used to deploy control measures (IPM package) in a timely manner when the Economic Injury Level is reached. Control strategies for these quarantine mango fruit fly species are discussed with respect to agro-ecological zones and the phenological stages of the mango tree.West Africa / Mangifera indica / fruits / exports / Bactrocera invadens / Ceratitis cosyra / agroclimatic zones / plant developmental stages Dynamique annuelle des populations de mouches des fruits du manguier en Afrique de l'Ouest: aspects socio-économiques, phénologie de l'hôte et implications pour leur gestion.Résumé -Introduction. En Afrique de l'Ouest les pertes dues aux mouches des fruits dépassent 50 % pour les cultivars d'intérêt commercial à partir du milieu de la campagne mangue depuis 2005, impliquant des pertes considérables de revenus pour les planteurs. Matériel et méthodes. En 2009, le suivi hebdomadaire des adultes de mouches des fruits a été mené simultanément dans huit pays ouest-africains au niveau de 12 sites différents dans cinq zones agro-écologiques : (i) forêt humide, (ii) savane guinéenne, (iii) soudanienne méridionale, (iv) soudanienne septentrionale, (v) sahélienne. Le piégeage des adultes a ét...
-Introduction. The appearance of cercosporiose due to Phaeoramularia angolensis in 1993 in Guinea nowadays constitutes one of the limiting factors of citrus cultivation in this country. The lack of knowledge of the sensitivity of the locally-present citrus species or varieties concerning the pathogen is slowing down the planned revival for this crop. Faced with this stake, in situ studies on the varieties' sensitivity and tests of the disease's chemical control were undertaken. Materials and methods. Citrus trees in collections and village plantations were followed from 1995 to 1999 in the main citrus-producing areas of Guinea to evaluate the sensitivity to Phaeoramularia angolensis of almost sixty varieties. In addition, a chemical control test was carried out in 1999 to define doses and frequencies of treatments to be recommended to the growers to control the disease. The rate of affected organs and the losses of production due to the pathogenic fungus were assessed. Results and discussion. Sensitivity varied according to the site, but especially according to the species and their varieties. Almost all the orange and all the tangelo and pomelo trees were very sensitive to the disease, with depreciation rates of the whole production (leaves and fruits) often over 30 %. The sensitivity rates of the mandarin trees were contrasted with tolerant varieties (Ponkan) to very sensitive ones (Hansen). Tangors, lemon, lime, kumquat and grapefruit trees appeared to be tolerant in all sites, except Tahiti lime and Meyer lemon trees over 800 m altitude. During the chemical control test, the dose of 100 g active matter · 100 L -1 of water applied every 10 days allowed the raising of the potentially marketable fruit rate to about 90%. In addition, the profitability of the orchards quickly decreased as soon as the rate of fruit attacks was higher than 20%. Conclusion. Our results show that new research undertaken in the current context of Guinean citrus cultivation could lead to answering the problems of control strategies to be adopted, of products, doses or periods to be recommended, and of varieties to be promoted in the country.Guinea / Citrus / variety trials / disease control / blotches / Phaeoramularia angolensis / disease resistance / chemical control Vers une lutte contre la cercosporiose des agrumes en Guinée.Résumé -Introduction. L'apparition de la cercosporiose due à Phaeoramularia angolensis en 1993 en Guinée constitue de nos jours l'un des facteurs limitants de la culture des agrumes dans ce pays. Le manque de connaissance sur la sensibilité, vis-à-vis du pathogène, des espèces ou varié-tés d'agrumes présentes localement freine la relance projetée pour cette culture. Face à cet enjeu, des études sur la sensibilité in situ et des essais de contrôle chimique de la maladie ont été entrepris. Matériel et méthodes. Des agrumes en collections et en plantations villageoises ont été suivis de 1995 à 1999 dans les principales régions productrices d'agrumes de Guinée afin d'évaluer la sensibilité à Phaeoramularia ...
Introduction: The aromatic plants have occupied an important place in the daily life of man. The excessive and repetitive use of drugs has led the body to develop resistance to their curative effects. Many authors have focused on the study of the therapeutic properties of essential oils in order to provide new remedies. They are used as a source of bioactive molecules of natural origin. Objective: The objective of this work is to contribute to the valorization of medicinal and aromatic plants of the Ivorian flora. We propose to determine the chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant activity by spectrophotometry of the essential oil. Materials and Methods: The plant material consists of the leafy twigs of C. odorata. The technical of steam distillation using a four-compartment stainless steel device was used to extract the essential oil from the plant matrix. The analysis of the essential oils was carried out on a GC chromatograph (7890A, Agilent Technologies) coupled to a mass spectrometer (5975C, Agilent Technologies). The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated using the Blois method. Results: The essential oil obtained by steaming, with an aromatic odor and pale green color has a yield of (0.082 ± 0.004) %. Analysis of the chromatogram and mass spectra identified 24 phytocompounds (99.92%). The phytochemical composition is dominated by hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (44.21%) followed by hydrocarbon monoterpenes (29.48%) and other compounds (26.23%). The major compound are α-pinene (17.79%), 6-propen-1-enylbicyclo [3.1.0] and hexan-2-one (14.95%) . Conclusion: The essential oil extract of C. odorata exhibits low antioxidant activity compared to vitamin C.
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