The catalytic conversion of meta-cresol (3-methylphenol)
was investigated over HBeta, Pt/SiO2, and Pt/HBeta catalysts
at 400 °C and atmospheric pressure. The acid sites of zeolite
HBeta catalyze methyl transfer reactions (isomerization and transalkylation),
yielding cresol isomers (para- and ortho-cresol), dimethylphenol (xylenol) isomers, and phenol. Pt alone
catalyzes hydrodeoxygenation and hydrogenation reactions, leading
to toluene as the major product and methylcyclohexane as the minor
product. Bifunctional Pt/HBeta catalyzes both methyl transfer reactions
and hydrodeoxygenation reactions at the same time, producing toluene,
benzene, and xylenes. The Pt/HBeta catalyst is about 10 times more
active than the Pt/SiO2 catalyst toward hydrodeoxygenation,
with a turnover frequency (on the basis of Pt only) 3 times higher,
highlighting the significant role of acid sites in the metal-catalyzed
hydrodeoxygenation reactions of phenolics. While Pt/HBeta and Pt/SiO2 exhibit similar rates of coke formation, the former has a
higher stability than the latter under the same reaction conditions.
Catalytic conversion of glycerol to gasoline-range alkyl-aromatics has been investigated on a series of zeolites (HZSM-5, HY, Mordenite, and HZSM-22) at 300-400 °C and atmospheric pressure or 2 MPa. Although propenal (acrolein) is the major primary glycerol dehydration product over all zeolites, the pore structure of the zeolite plays a significant role on the final product distribution.The major products over one-dimensional zeolites Mordenite and HZSM-22 are oxygenates (propenal, acetol, and heavy oxygenates) without aromatic formation. HZSM-22 is suitable for the production of acrolein with 86% yield at 100% glycerol conversion. However, it is found that glycerol can be converted to high yields of alkyl-aromatics, mainly C 8 -C 10 over three-dimensional HY and HZSM-5. A longer contact time, higher temperatures, and higher pressures favor the formation of aromatics, with a maximum yield of 60% over HZSM-5. A two-bed configuration with a deoxygenation/hydrogenation catalyst (Pd/ZnO) as the first bed and HZSM-5 as the second bed can further increase the alkyl-aromatic yield. The mono-functional oxygenates produced by the first bed were oligomerized and aromatized into gasoline-range alkyl-aromatics over the second bed.
The deoxygenation of methyl octanoate and methyl stearate over alumina-supported Pt was studied in both the vapor phase in a flow reactor and in the liquid phase in a semibatch reactor. The conversion of both methyl esters resulted in hydrocarbons with one carbon less than the fatty acid of the corresponding ester as the dominant products. In the vapor phase, acid and other oxygenates were observed in low concentrations, but they were not detected when the reaction was conducted in the liquid phase. Under He, condensation products (from esterification and ketonization) were observed. By contrast, under H 2 , mostly paraffins were obtained. These results show promise to directly produce standard diesel components from biodiesel.
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