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Environmental estrogens can promote the growth, migration, and invasion of breast cancer. However, few studies evaluate adverse health impacts of environmental estrogens on other organs of breast cancer patients. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of environmental estrogen bisphenol AF (BPAF) on the main organs of female Balb/cA nude mice with SK-BR-3 xenograft tumor by detecting the organ development and gene expression of targets associated with G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1)-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in hypothalamus, ovary, uterus, liver, and kidney. The results showed that BPAF at 20 mg/kg bw/day markedly increased the uterine weight and the uterine coefficient of nude mice compared to SK-BR-3 bearing tumor control, indicating that BPAF promoted the growth of uterus due to its estrogenic activity. Additionally, BPAF significantly up-regulated the mRNA relative expression of most targets related to nuclear estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and GPER1-mediated signaling pathways in the hypothalamus, followed by the ovary and uterus, and the least in the liver and kidney, indicating that BPAF activated different estrogen activity related targets in different tissues. In addition, BPAF markedly up-regulated the mRNA expression of GPER1 in all tested tissues, and the molecular docking showed that BPAF could dock into GPER1. Because gene change is an early event of toxicity response, these findings suggested that BPAF might aggravate the condition of breast cancer patients through exerting its estrogenic activity via the GPER1 pathway in various organs.

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Different subtypes of breast cancer express positively G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). Our previous studies found that tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) and bisphenol AF (BPAF) significantly promoted SK‐BR‐3 cell proliferation by activating GPER1‐regulated signals. The present study further investigated the effects of TCBPA and BPAF on the migration of SK‐BR‐3 cells and examined the role of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and its downstream signal targets in this process. We found that low‐concentration BPAF and TCBPA markedly accelerated the migration of SK‐BR‐3 cells and elevated the mRNA levels of target genes associated with PI3K/Akt and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signals. TCBPA‐ and BPAF‐induced upregulation of target genes was significantly reduced by GPER1 inhibitor G15, the PI3K/Akt inhibitor wortmannin (WM), and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor ZD1839 (ZD). G15 and WM also decreased cell migration induced by TCBPA and BPAF. The findings revealed that TCBPA and BPAF promoted SK‐BR‐3 cell migration ability by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway via GPER1‐EGFR.

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