Despite significant progress in recent years, the evolution of commons over the long run remains an under-explored area. During the last years an international team of historians has worked under the umbrella of the Common Rules Project in order to design and test a new methodology aimed at advancing our knowledge on the dynamics of institutions for collective action -in particular commons. This project aims to contribute to the current debates in three different fronts. Theoretically, it explicitly draws the attention to change and adaptation in the commons -contrasting with more static analyses. Empirically, it highlights the value of historical records as a rich source of information for longitudinal analysis of the functioning of commons. Methodologically, it develops a systematic way of analyzing and comparing commons' regulations across regions and time, setting a number of variables that have been defined on the basis of the "most common denominators" in commons' regulations across countries and time periods. In this paper we introduce the project, describe our sources and methodology, and present the preliminary results of our analysis.
En este artículo se presentan nuevos cálculos del coste de la vida y de los salarios reales en la agricultura del sur de Navarra entre 1781 y 1936. La tipología de salarios que se maneja incluye a los trabajadores eventuales y a los permanentes, así como a hombres y a mujeres.Los índices sugieren un aumento de la capacidad adquisitiva tras las guerras napoleónicas, un estancamiento y deterioro del nivel de vida durante la mayor parte del siglo XIX, y un nuevo incremento durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. Con todo, se advierten importantes diferencias dependiendo del segmento de mercado de trabajo de que se trate.
José-Miguel La n a-Be r a s a i n * Dealing with Delation in Turbulent Times.Agricultural Markets and Rural Management in Southern Navarre (Spain), 1817-1833**
This article studies the role of property rights in social change using the case study of the small village of Sansomáin in Northern Spain between the years 1509 and 1957. The sources are mainly notary and court records and the focus is on the identity of neighbours as the foundation of civil and political rights during the Old Regime, and its translation into the new constitutional order that emerged after the era of the French Revolution. In the village studied, the failure of the Spanish liberal regime in extending the right of citizenship involved the usurpation of the commons by two foreign owners at the expense of the families residing there.
El objetivo de este texto es clarificar conceptualmente el contenido y alcance de la noción de propiedad como institución con el fin de disponerlo para su empleo en el análisis histórico. A tal fin, se repasa inicialmente el significado del concepto de instituciones desde las perspectivas que las entienden como reglas regulativas (North), como reglas constitutivas (Searle) o como equilibrios (Greif). A continuación, se examinan las tradiciones que entienden la propiedad ya sea como un vínculo binario entre un sujeto y un objeto, ya como una relación social entre sujetos en torno a un objeto en contextos específicos. Tras una caracterización de los modos de entender la dinámica de cambio institucional en términos de elección racional o de economía evolutiva, se concluye presentando una propuesta tentativa para articular el análisis bajo la forma de ‘reglas en equilibrios anidados’.
Different factors have been proposed to explain why in some regions there is a greater tendency to form cooperatives. The debate remains open. In this study, we look at the spread of cooperativism within Catalonia from 1860 to 1939. Catalonia was not just the leading industrial region in Spain but also where cooperatives first emerged and had a greater presence. In line with the existing evidence, we find that cooperativism spread from coastal municipalities to the hinterland. In particular, it seems that local conditions (literacy and social capital) facilitated this process, while accessibility to the transport network and neighbouring effects also played a significant role.
El texto examina el movimiento de capitales a gran y pequeña escala entre Venezuela y España a partir de un estudio de caso apoyado sobre fondos documentales privados: un libro de caja y fragmentos de la correspondencia (335 cartas) del indiano montañés Esteban González de Linares (1751–1802). Éste se convirtió durante su estancia en Caracas (1785-1791) en agente para la remesa de capitales a la península. La escasez de numerario de alta denominación en la provincia de Caracas implicó que la repatriación de capitales pudo dar un impulso definitivo tanto a la exportación de frutos coloniales (cacao, añil) como al desarrollo del mercado financiero (letras y libranzas).
This paper offers some evidences about the circulation of capital between Venezuela and Spain at the end of the eighteenth century through the case study of the Spanish merchant Esteban González de Linares (1751-1802). Our sources are private nature: an accounting book and 335 letters. These documents show a wide variety of channels to the transfer of capitals from Venezuela to Spain, both at large operations and small deliveries. González de Linares became, during his stay in Caracas (1785-1791), an important agent in the transfer of savings from the colony. The scarcity of silver and gold in Venezuela during this period justifies that the transfer of capital did promote the export of groceries (cocoa, indigo) and the development of financial markets (orders and bills of exchange).
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