For all living organisms, nitrogen is an essential element, while being the most limiting in ecosystems and for crop production. Despite the significant contribution of synthetic fertilizers, nitrogen requirements for food production increase from year to year, while the overuse of agrochemicals compromise soil health and agricultural sustainability. One alternative to overcome this problem is biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Indeed, more than 60% of the fixed N on Earth results from BNF. Therefore, optimizing BNF in agriculture is more and more urgent to help meet the demand of the food production needs for the growing world population. This optimization will require a good knowledge of the diversity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, the mechanisms of fixation, and the selection and formulation of efficient N-fixing microorganisms as biofertilizers. Good understanding of BNF process may allow the transfer of this ability to other non-fixing microorganisms or to non-leguminous plants with high added value. This minireview covers a brief history on BNF, cycle and mechanisms of nitrogen fixation, biofertilizers market value, and use of biofertilizers in agriculture. The minireview focuses particularly on some of the most effective microbial products marketed to date, their efficiency, and success-limiting in agriculture. It also highlights opportunities and difficulties of transferring nitrogen fixation capacity in cereals.
Lignin can be precipitated from kraft black liquor (BL) through the addition of an acidifying agent such as carbon dioxide or sulfuric acid. In most of the existing lignin precipitation processes that are using acid addition, sufficient acid is added to drop the pH of the black liquor from about 13−14 to about 9−10, followed by lignin particle coagulation, lignin slurry filtration, and lignin cake washing with sulfuric acid and water. At pH values of less than 11, the potential exists for the generation of significant quantities of totally reduced sulfur (TRS) compounds and other volatile sulfur species. Such compounds which include hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide are strongly odorous compounds with well-known negative effects on human health and other forms of life. To address this problem, as well as other problems associated with existing lignin recovery processes, FPInnovations and Noram recently developed a new process called the LignoForce System. This process employs a black liquor oxidation step to convert TRS compounds present in kraft black liquor to nonvolatile species. This paper discusses the applicability of the LignoForce System to several feedstock black liquors (e.g., softwood, hardwood, and eucalyptus) as well as the sulfur compound outgassing potential from various stages of this process compared to a reference case in which the black liquor was not oxidized. In addition, the emission of volatile sulfur and organic compounds from the two lignin products at different temperatures is discussed and compared.
The production of biofertilizers at industrial level is a bottleneck because bacterial strains are generally developed and managed by research laboratories and not by production units. A seamless transition from laboratory to field application is, therefore necessary. This review provides an overview of the constraints that limiting the application or the implementation of Actinobacteria based biofertilizers especially in agricultural field and suggests solutions to overcome some of these limits. General processes of making and controlling the quality of the inoculum are briefly described. In addition, the paper underlines the opportunity of biofertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers. This review also, highlights the latest studies (until June 2019) and focuses on P-solubilization microorganisms mainly Actinobacteria. The biotechnology of these bacteria is a glimmer of hope for rock phosphate (RP) bioformulation. Since direct application of RP fertilizer is not always agronomically effective due to its sparse solubility.
Soil fertility and plant nutrition require an adequate management of essential macronutrients such as potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), which are mandatory for plant development. Bioleaching of K and P bearing minerals improves their chemical weathering and increases the performance of the biofertilization strategies. In this study, in vitro and greenhouse experiments were carried out to investigate P and K solubilization traits of nine Actinobacteria (P13, P14, P15, P16, P17, P18, BC3, BC10, and BC11) under fertilization with rock phosphate (RP). K and P solubilization were evaluated on Alexandrov and NBRIP media containing mica and six RP samples, respectively. The actinobacterial strains were able to solubilize K in Alexandrov medium supplemented with RP. However, when soluble P was used instead of RP, only four strains of Actinobacteria (Streptomyces alboviridis P18–Streptomyces griseorubens BC3–Streptomyces griseorubens BC10 and Nocardiopsis alba BC11) solubilized K. The solubilization values of K ranged from 2.6 to 41.45 mg/L while those of P varied from 0.1 to 32 mg/L. Moreover, all strains were able to produce IAA, siderophore, HCN, and ammonia and significantly improved the germination rate and the vigor index of wheat. The pot experiments revealed that four strains (Streptomyces alboviridis P18, Streptomyces griseorubens BC3, Streptomyces griseorubens BC10, and Nocardiopsis alba BC11) significantly improved the growth parameters of wheat, namely root length (1.75–23.84%), root volume (41.57–71.46%), root dry weight (46.89–162.41%), shoot length (8.92–23.56%), and shoot dry weight (2.56–65.68%) compared to the uninoculated control. These findings showed that Streptomyces griseorubens BC10 and Nocardiopsis alba BC11 are promising candidates for the implementation of efficient biofertilization strategies to improve soil fertility and plant yield under rock P and rock K fertilization.
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