The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of the status quo of bio-fuels developments and the policy regimes including support measures driving the social, environmental and economic impacts of bio-fuels development. As it has been promoted by national policies markers, there is still no common consciences on its implication in achieving food security. The case study was based on a Meta evaluation carried out in Zambia; the key findings indicated that there is possible diversion of labour, land, extension service to bio-fuel and competition of input use might lead to reduction of food production and high food prices if the biofuel market proves lucrative. However the price of bio-fuel feedstock from Jatropha in Zambia was not attractive enough to encourage farmers to grow more Jatropha and this has raised major concerns by both farmers and policy makers.
Spatial analysis of COVID-19 spread is an important tool for public health management, as a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform can support the entire process of infectious disease surveillance, preparedness and response. Consequently, this study applied regression analysis using r software and QGIS mapping to evaluate how COVID-19 infections are impacted by population dynamics, urbanisation, area temperature and tourism activities in Namibia. Study results revealed that, COVID-19 transmission is positively associated with urbanisation and negatively associated with temperature. Area population size is not associated with COVID-19 transmission. To reduce COVID-19 infections in Namibia, efforts need to be directed at minimising social and economic contact activities, particularly in urban areas. The Namibia society is also encouraged to adhere to the recommended COVID-19 public health measures such as social distancing of 1.5 meters apart and wearing of face masks in public spaces.
Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa-assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions. Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek.
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