SUMMARY The authors compared tests of stereognosis using shape recognition and two‐point discrimination with a paper‐clip in evaluating sensation in the fingers of 51 patients with cerebral palsy between the ages of six and 20 years, and of 170 controls in the same age‐range. The two‐point discrimination test had significantly higher sensitivity in detecting tactile sensation than shape recognition, with slightly less specificity. Testing hand sensation should be part of the assessment of patients when considering reconstructive surgery, therapy, or the teaching of specific hand‐skills. The two‐point discrimination test with a paper‐clip is a simple and reliable method of doing so. RÉSUMÉ Comparaison des tests stéréognosiques et de discrimination de deux points sur la main de jeunes IMC Les auteurs comparent des tests stéréognosiques de reconnaissance de forme et la discrimination de deux points avec un attache trombone dans l'évaluation de la sensibilité des doigts chez 51 IMC âgés de six à 20 ans, et un groupe contrôle de 170 sujets appariés pour l'âge. Le test de discrimination de deux points a une meilleure sensibilité pour détecter la sensation tactile que la reconnaissance de forme, avec une spécificité légèrement moindre. Apprécier la sensibilité manuelle devrait faire partie de l'évaluation des IMC lorsque'une chirurgie restauratrice, une rééducation ou un apprentissage de taTches manuelles sont envisagés. La discrimination de deux points avec un trombone est une méthode simple et fidèle pour assurer cette évaluation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Vergleich von Stereognosie und Zwei‐Punkte Diskriminierungstests der Hände bei Kindern mit Cerebralparese Die Autorene haben bei 51 Patienten mit Cerebralparese im Alter zwischen sechs und 20 Jahren und bei 170 Kontrollkindern gleichen Alters die Stereognosietests Formen erkennen und Zwei‐Punkte Diskriminierung mit einem Papierklipp verglichen, um die Sensibilität in den Fingern zu beurteilen. Der Zwei‐Punkte Diskriminierungstest hatte eine signifikant höhere Empfindlichkeit bei der Aufspürung des Tastsinns als der Formerkennungstest, mit gering schwächerer Spezifität. Die Testung der Handsensibilität sollte fester Bestandteil einer Untersuchung von Patienten sein, bei denen eine rekonstruktive chirurgische Therapie erwogen, oder das Erlernen spezieller Handfertigkeit angestrebt wird. Der Zwei‐Punkte Diskriminierungstest mit einem Papierklipp ist eine einfache und zuverlässige Methode dafür. RESUMEN Comparación de los tests de estereognosia y de discriminación de dos puntos en las manos de niños con parálisis cerebral Los autores compararon tests de estereognosia utilizando el reconocimiento de formas y la discriminación de dos puntos con un clip para papel en la evaluación de la sensación en los dedos de 51 pacientes con parálisis cerebral, entre las edades de seis y 20 años y de un grupo control de 170 del mismo margen de edad. El test de discriminación de dos puntos tuvo una sensibilidad significativamente más alta para detectar la sensación tactil, que el reconcimiento de...
Two experiments were conducted concerning the relative intelligibility of spondaic words. In the first experiment, the 36 spondaic words typically used in clinical settings to determine the Speech-Recognition-Threshold (SRT) were presented to 20 subjects at levels ranging from to 10 to 28 dB SPL. The percentage of persons able to repeat each word was plotted as a function of decibel sound-pressure level to determine (a) the sound-pressure level necessary to yield a 50% response point for each word, and (b) the rate at which each word became intelligible, for example, the slope of the psychometric function. By these two criteria 15 words were found to be homogeneous. In the second experiment, SRTs were obtained on 24 subjects with the full list of 36 words and with the 15 spondaic words that were homogenous with respect to the sound-pressure level necessary for a 50% correct response level and the rate of intelligibility growth. The results demonstrate that the two groups of spondaic words yield equivalent SRTs. The data suggest that an SRT may be determined with 15 spondaic words, which is as valid and accurate as the SRT determined with the entire list of 36 words.
A 200-Hz pure tone, a 2400-Hz sinusoid, and an AM waveform, created by modulating 2400 Hz with 200 Hz, were employed in a time-intensity trading experiment. Phase delays were imposed on one of the binaural stimuli and the intracranial image was centered by decreasing the intensity of the opposite signal. The 2400-Hz tone was perceived in the midline for equal intensities of the binaural stimuli, irrespective of the interaural phase relationship. The AM waveform and the 200-Hz sinusoid required similar intensity decreases for the disparate phase conditions to achievi• a centered image. The fact that both time and intensity alterations shift the perceptual location of the AM signal and the 200-Hz sinusoid in the same way provides confirmation of a new type to the view that the envelope periodicity of a high-frequency AM waveform is maintained in the auditory system, at least to the level where lateralization occurs. A second experiment provided additional evidence on this point. Subject Classification: 65.60, 65.62, 65.54. INTRODUCTION The lateralization of low-frequency pure tones is dependent on interaural disparities in both time and intensity, whereas the lateralization of high-frequency sinusoids is sensitive only to interaural intensity differences. Stevens and Newman (1936) and Garner and Wertheimer (1951), for example, have shown that the perceived intracranial location of a low-frequency tone can be altered by introducing an interaural phase disparity as long as the frequency of the stimulus is lower than 1500 Hz. For pure tones having a frequency higher than this, the intracranial position of the tone does not shift with changes in the interaural phase relationship. Yet, unlike the case with high-frequency sinusoids, it would appear that the lateralization of high-frequency complex signals is affected by interaural time differences. David, Guttman, and Van Bergeijk (1959), Harris (1960), Yost, and Wightman and Green (1971) have shown that the lateralization of high-pass-filtered clicks can be altered by interaural time differences. These authors suggest that the periodicity of the click train could be utilized for lateralization by the auditory system. The experiments of Sakai and Inoue (1968) and Henning (1974) strongly support such a suggestion. Sakai and Inoue imposed interaural phase disparities on the envelopes of high-frequency amplitude modulated (AM) signals and had the subjects adjust the interaural intensity relationship of a 1000-Hz "pointer" until it appeared to be at the same intracranial location as the AM signal. Their results suggest that the perceived location of the AM stimulus was shifted from midline by manipulation of the interaural phase relationship of the envelope. Henning (1974) with a standard two alternative forced choice procedure measured the just-detectable interaural time delays in binaurally presented three component AM stimuli. He found that subjects were able to detect interaural time disparities equally well when either the entire waveform to one ear was delayed or when ...
Two experiments were accomplished which involved time-intensity trades on a lateralization task. In the first experiment, subjects adjusted interaural time differences between binaural stimuli to compensate for interaural intensity disparities. In the second, the same listeners adjusted the interaural intensity relationship to offset interaural time differences. Three pure tones (250, 500, and 1000 Hz) were employed as binaural stimuli. The two experiments yielded substantially different time-intensity trading ratios for large values of interaural time differences and intensity disparities. This finding supplies evidence of a new type that the time-intensity trading ratio does not accurately reflect the central auditory processes that are involved with interaural time and intensity on a lateralization task.
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