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Carangids are abundant and commercially important marine fish that contribute to a significant portion of the fisheries in many parts of the world. In the present study, we characterized the complete mitogenome of the Indian scad, Decapterus russelli and performed a comprehensive comparative mitogenomic analysis of the family Carangidae. The comparative mitogenomics provided valuable insights into the structure, variability, and features of the coding and non-coding regions that evolved across species over millions of years. The structural features of tRNAs revealed changes in the frequency of mismatched and wobble base pairs, which is reflected in the base composition of H and L strands. The highly conserved sequence motif of the mTERF binding site in carangids over the ~ 400 MYA of their divergence demonstrated the functional importance of these sites. The control region of carangids was characterized by the presence of discontinuous repeat units with a high rate of sequence divergence in the form of base substitutions, insertions, and deletions. The maintenance of secondary structures in the control region independent of the rapid evolution of primary structure suggested the effect of selective constraints on their maintenance. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogeny revealed a similar topology consistent with previous taxonomic studies. The extant carangids diverged through the evolutionary events experienced during the Cretaceous, Paleogene, and Neogene periods.

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because primary centers achieve successful treatment via antiepileptic medications. Moreover, JME is often under-diagnosed and misdiagnosed [22, 23], which can present a challenge to estimating its prevalence. As an illustration, a French study [24] showed that the prevalence of JME in one geographic area was 0% between 1986 and 1994, which rose to nearly 50% between 1996 and 2000, likely due to increased recognition of the syndrome. Moreover, variations in clinical onset can present a challenge to estimating the prevalence of JME. Although JME the peak age of onset is in adolescence (12-18 years), similar to most GGE syndromes [10, 25], the age of onset can vary from 8 to 36 years. There are also de novo diagnoses in early adulthood, and JME can, though rarely, begin or be reactivated in advanced ages. For instance, a case report presented two patients from Turkey in whom JME began after the age of 70 [26]. 4. Clinical diagnosis Myoclonic Seizures: As noted above, myoclonic movements are one of the main symptoms of JME and consist of generalized seizures which are brief, irregular jerks of the head, trunk, and limbs that can be either symmetric or asymmetric, and may involve isolated regions of the body or the whole body. They usually predominate in the upper limbs (mostly distal muscles), although they occasionally involve muscles in the abdomen, paraspinal distributions, and lower extremity [27]. It is not uncommon for myoclonic seizures to be so subtle or brief that they are perceived as benign "inner shocks". As subtle as the may be, patients tend to more readily notice asymmetric jerks involving the dominant upper extremity because such movements noticeably impair daily functioning. The jerks, if violent, may cause the patient to drop or throw objects, or fall to the floor-which may be mistaken for nonpathological clumsiness. Myoclonic seizures can manifest as discrete, single events or they may occur in clusters. They are usually not associated with loss of consciousness but it is not uncommon for patients to lose awareness during the jerks. Moreover, clusters of myoclonic events can evolve into a GTCS and cause post-ictal confusion. They can occur during transition to sleep or during awakening from sleep, usually in the early morning hours [28]. This early morning pattern of seizures is associated with an increase in cortical excitability during that time of day, which has been noted in other patients with GGE, but to a greater extent in JME patients [29]. Developmentally, these jerks often subside in the fourth decade of life, although GTCS or absence seizures tend to persist [30]. Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: About 80% of the patients with JME have GTCS. These seizures are also more likely to occur if precipitated by sleep deprivation or alcohol intake. Usually, these events are immediately preceded by a series of myoclonic jerks and associated tongue biting prior to generalization. Because, as noted above, myoclonic events are often insidious, patients first seek treatment following an initial GT...