O ensino do conteúdo de peixes cartilaginosos com auxílio de material lúdico Teaching the content of cartilaginous fish using playfulness material
1. Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) are rare, and highly important sites to the life history of a number of declining shark species are endangered by fishing.2. The high diversity of sharks caught by fisheries is difficult to monitor due to the scarcity of information on species-specific biological aspects (growth, maturity and fertility rate). 3. There are two EBSAs off north-eastern Brazil, where key species are caught, more specifically the oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus), mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), blue (Prionace glauca) and silky (Carcharhinus falciformis) sharks. Another 23 species displaying low frequency in catches have also been recorded, many of them considered threatened according to the IUCN Red List and the Brazilian Ministry of Environment. 4. The main purpose of this study was to generate information about shark diversity and demonstrate the role of the two EBSAs in their conservation. After analysing fishing data collected from 2000 to 2011, maps were built to categorize shark species by phases of their ontogenetic development (neonate, young and adult) based on samples of C. falciformis (n = 330), C. longimanus (n = 440), I. oxyrinchus (n = 452) and P. glauca (n = 8,176).5. Shark stocks comprised mainly juveniles, which raises concerns since they are considered a crucial life stage for the sustainability of shark populations. Catch monitoring also highlighted that several of the species caught are threatened and their catch is either prohibited or limited according to the Brazilian laws and international rules in place.6. Action plans and enforcement of laws and rules are needed to deliver the protective measures needed for shark species in these EBSAs.
Elasmobranchs, especially sharks, are part of the most threatened group of animals in the world. Among the factors that negatively affect these populations, the environmental degradation and disordered fishing can be highlighted. Although these threats are well known, the responses of most species to these factors are not fully understood, which makes it difficult to predict potential population responses according to conservation actions. The present study aims to develop a theoretical model based on a real population of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) that inhabit Gulf of Mexico, using their biological patterns to identify trends for the populations using Vortex (version 10.0.0.3) as a tool. The construction of the model was based on bibliographic data, considering parameters of life history, demographic rates and main known threats.Data were entered into Vortex software, and two population sizes were tested in the population viability analysis, indicating in both cases that the species tends to lose its genetic diversity over 500 years with a 12% and 51% of probability of extinction, respectively, considering exclusively its biological potential. This results can reflect on an mislead assumption of the real subpopulation's size, which shows that the species is inserted into the vortex of extinction even with the existence of protective measures regarding white sharks on the location of the study, and it must incorporate neonates and juveniles individuals on the analysis to generate a consistent result. Despite this, the study suggests that the utilization of Vortex is capable of generating responses necessary for the conservation of sharks by analyzing stochastic events and life history in a simple way.
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