Atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) Al 2 O 3 films with a thickness of a few nanometers have been successfully applied in microelectronics and photovoltaics. [1-5] In particular, in silicon-based solar cells, the introduction of Al 2 O 3 surface passivation layers was a crucial step towards higher efficiencies of industrial solar cells in recent years. The metal contacts in today's industrial silicon solar cells are made by screen-printing of metal pastes in combination with a subsequent rapid thermal annealing (RTA) step at set-peak temperatures in the range between 750 and 850 C for a few seconds. [6] To preserve the excellent passivation quality of the ALD-Al 2 O 3 layers on the silicon surface during the RTA step, the Al 2 O 3 layers are capped by silicon nitride (SiN x) layers. These top layers are grown by means of plasmaenhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), resulting in amorphous SiN x :H layer with very high hydrogen content (typically in the range of 10-20 at%). [7] In contrast, ALD-Al 2 O 3 layers have a hydrogen content in the range of only 1-2 at%. [3] During the RTA step, hydrogen partly diffuses from the hydrogen-rich SiN x layer [8] through the Al 2 O 3 layer to the interface and also into the crystalline silicon bulk, where it is able to passivate defects. [9-11] Interestingly, the hydrogen was also found to be able to create new recombination centers in the silicon bulk, in some cases leading to a severe degradation in solar cell efficiency during illumination. [12-16] Therefore, in photovoltaics, the control of the amount of hydrogen diffusing into the crystalline silicon bulk has turned out to be of utmost importance. There have been conjectures in the literature that Al 2 O 3 layers might severely hamper the in-diffusion of hydrogen from SiN x :H into the silicon bulk. [17,18] However, these studies did not provide any quantitative measurements on how effective Al 2 O 3 actually is as a hydrogen barrier. This letter aims at closing this gap by quantifying the amount of hydrogen diffused into the silicon bulk through Al 2 O 3 layers of different thicknesses (5À25 nm) at varying RTA peak temperatures ϑ peak. Figure 1 shows exemplary measurements for three group A samples (see Experimental Section) with SiN x :H films of different compositions, fired at a measured RTA peak temperature of (792 AE 10) C. Directly after RTA, the hydrogen is mainly present in the form of hydrogen dimers H 2 in the silicon bulk. [19] These H 2 dimers dissociate during low-temperature annealing in darkness (e.g., at 160 C) and the hydrogen atoms subsequently passivate boron dopant atoms. [20] As a consequence, the bulk resistivity ρ of the sample increases as a function of time during dark annealing at 160 C on a hotplate. We measure the resistivities in-between the periods of 160 C-dark annealing using
In this study, two zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) called ZIF-4 and ZIF-zni (zni is the network topology) were characterized by sorption studies regarding their paraffin/olefin separation potential. In particular, equilibrated pure and mixed gas adsorption isotherms of ethane and ethene were recorded at 293 K up to 3 MPa. ZIF-4 exhibits selectivities for ethane in the range of 1.5–3, which is promising for continuous pressure swing adsorption (PSA). ZIF-4 shows high cycle stability with promising separation potential regarding ethane, which results in purification of the more industrial desired olefin. Furthermore, both ZIF materials were implemented in Matrimid to prepare a mixed matrix membrane (MMM) and were used in the continuous separation of a propane/propene mixture. The separation performance of the neat polymer is drastically increased after embedding porous ZIF-4 crystals in the Matrimid matrix, especially at higher feed pressures (3–5 barg). Due to the smaller kinetic diameter of the olefin, the permeability is higher compared to the paraffin.
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