Neurogenic KCS with an ipsilateral dry nose seems to be a predominantly idiopathic disease of middle-aged female dogs without breed predisposition, which may be self-limiting in some cases.
Objective Corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin and UV-A (CXL) decreases corneal oedema and increases visual acuity in human patients with bullous keratopathy. Presumed mechanisms are an increase in collagen packing density and a reduction in stromal swelling pressure. We present two cases in which CXL was used to treat bullous keratopathy in dogs. Procedures Four eyes of two dogs with painful bullous keratopathy-induced corneal erosions that were resistant to prior therapy were treated with CXL. Both corneas of the second patient were dehydrated to AE 400 lm corneal thickness using topical 70% glycerol solution immediately prior to CXL. Follow-up included slit-lamp examination, fluorescein staining and photographic documentation in both cases and highresolution ultrasound examination in the second patient. Results All four eyes were comfortable and fluorescein negative at 1-week post-CXL and remained so for the rest of the follow-up period (17.5 months for case 1 and 6 months for case 2). The owner of the first patient reported a less oedematous cornea and improvement in vision that lasted for 6 months. Despite a reported lack of improvement in vision in the second patient, corneal thickness initially decreased, but was back at baseline thickness at the 4-month recheck. Conclusions Similar to humans, CXL might become a useful treatment option for bullous keratopathy-induced therapy-resistant corneal erosions in dogs. Patient comfort was greatly improved, but corneal thickness decrease was not as long-lasting as reported for humans. The presently used protocols might need modification to fit the dog cornea.
The prevalence of pectinate ligament dysplasia was evaluated in a prospective multi-center examination of randomly selected Golden retrievers of variable sex and age. The examinations were carried out by qualified veterinary ophthalmologists between May 1 and May 31, 2013. A total of 92 dogs (29 male and 62 female dogs) were examined. The dogs were between 6 months and 14 years old (4.53 ± 3.02 years). Gonioscopy was performed under topical anesthesia using a Koeppe lens and a hand-held slit lamp with 10-x magnification. Four quadrants (dorsal, lateral, medial, ventral) were examined in each eye. For each quadrant a score between 3 (normal) and 0 (grossly abnormal) was assigned. The average total score for all quadrants was 2.14 ±0.95. The width of the drainage angle W was 2.29 ± 0.88, while the score for mesodermal dysplasia MD was 1.98 ± 0.98. There was no significant difference between left and right eyes, however, a significant difference was found between female and male dogs, as well as between young dogs and older dogs. The width of the drainage angle decreased with age and the degree of mesodermal dysplasia increased. Female dogs had lower total scores compared to male dogs and the ventral and lateral quadrants had significantly lower scores than the other quadrants. In conclusion, 52/92 (56.5%) showed signs of Pectinate ligament dysplasia and would have to be excluded from a breeding program according to the guidelines of the European College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.
ZusammenfassungNicht alle als viral betrachteten Keratitiden lassen sich mittels PCR auf EVH-2 oder EHV-5 zurückführen. Ziel der Untersuchung war deshalb der Vergleich der Prävalenz von EHV-2 und EHV-5 mittels PCR bei Pferden mit Keratokonjunktivitis und augengesunden Pferden. Zytologische Hornhautproben von 131 Pferden mit einer vermuteten viralen Keratokonjunktivitis zwischen 2001 und 2010, sowie von 163 augengesunden Pferden von 3 verschiedenen Beständen wurden mittels PCR auf EHV-2 und EHV-5 untersucht. Die Prävalenz von EHV-2 und 5 unterscheidet sich nicht signifikant bei augengesunden Pferden und solchen mit Keratokonjunktivitis. Es konnten keine spezifischen ophthalmologischen Symptome dem einen oder anderen Virustyp zugeordnet werden. Das klinische Bild einer Keratitis punctata, welches als typisch für virale Keratitiden betrachtet wird, wurde bei beiden Virustypen beobachtet. Es scheint als ob Infektionen mit EHV-5 nur milde Symptome verursacht, verglichen mit Infektionen mit EHV-2. Die schwersten klinischen Symptome traten bei Doppelinfektionen mit EHV-2 und 5 auf. In dieser Untersuchung konnte kein signifikanter Prävalenzunterschied von EHV-2 und 5 zwischen beiden Gruppen festgestellt werden. Die Pathogenität von EHV-2 und 5 bleibt unklar, ist jedoch sicher nicht als hochgradig einzustufen.Schlüsselwörter: Pferd / Keratokonjunktivitis / Ätiologie / Equines Herpesvirus / Prävalenz / Ophthalmologie The prevalence of DNA of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in horses with keratokonjunctivitis and clinically normal horses in SwitzerlandNot all viral keratoconjunctivitis can be detected by PCR as caused by EHV-2 and 5. The authors therefore compared the prevalence of EHV-2 and 5 by PCR in horses with keratoconjunctivitis and healthy horses. Conjunctival cytobrush samples of 131 horses with suspected viral keratoconjunctivitis between 2001 and 2010 and of 163 healthy horses from three different stables were tested by PCR for the presence of EHV-2 and EHV-5. The prevalence of EHV-2 and 5 is not significantly different in healthy horses and horses with keratoconjunctivitis. No specific ophthalmic signs could be attributed to either EVH-2 or EHV-5. The punctate pattern on the corneal surface, which is considered typical for a viral keratitis, was found in horses infected with EHV-2 or EHV-5. It appears, that an EHV-5-infection causes only mild clinical signs compared to horses testing positive for EHV-2. The most severe clinical signs were seen in horse testing positive for EHV-2 and 5. In this investigation the prevalence of EHV-2 and EHV-5 was similar in healthy horses and horses with keratoconjunctivitis. No statistically significant differences were found. The pathogenicity of EHV-2 and 5 is not clear or very weak.
The following case report describes a 1-year-old female cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) with bilateral blindness and unresponsive pupils. For comparison, a second healthy 2.5-year-old male cheetah without visual deficits was also examined. Clinical examination of both animals included biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, tonometry, and electroretinography. The young female cheetah showed no menace response, no direct or indirect pupillary light reflex, and no dazzle reflex in either eye. Fundus lesions, as detected by indirect ophthalmoscopy, are described for the female animal. In both eyes, the fundus color was green/turquoise/yellow with multiple hyperpigmented linear lesions in the tapetal area around the optic nerve. The optic nerve head was dark gray and about half the normal size suggesting bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia and retinal dysplasia or differentially optic nerve atrophy and chorioretinal scarring. The ERG had low amplitudes in the right eye but appeared normal in the left eye compared with the male cheetah. Blood levels did not suggest current taurine deficiency. This is addressed to some degree in the discussion. Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia or optic nerve atrophy is a rare anomaly in cats and has not yet been described in a cheetah.
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