Phloxine B (2',4',5',7'-tetrabromo-4,5,6,7-tetrachlorofluorescein disodium salt) as a potential photoactive insecticide was rapidly photodegraded in water under various light sources. Two major photolytic products characterized were 2',4',5'-tribromo-4,5,6, 7-tetrachlorofluorescein and 4',5'-dibromo-4,5,6, 7-tetrachlorofluorescein. The photolysis rates of phloxine B were influenced by various factors including salts in medium, sample pH, and light sources. Half-lives (t(1/2)) of phloxine B spiked in different water samples and 2% NaCl solution at 29 +/- 1 degreesC ranged from 0.70 to 1.28, 26.3 to 115, and 14.1 to 46.2 hours under 254 nm, 365 nm, and cool white fluorescent lights, respectively. Half-lives of phloxine B in tap, stream, or seawater in a beaker were from 10 to 13 min under sunlight at ambient air temperature. In a range of buffer pH 6-8 at 29 +/- 1 degreesC, phloxine B photodegraded slightly faster in acidic solution than in basic solution. The photolysis t(1/2) of phloxine B at 29 +/- 1 degreesC was 25, 32, 128, and 755 min in the buffered NaF, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI solutions, respectively. The t(1/2) of phloxine B was 31 min when phloxine B was dissolved in the sodium phosphate buffer as control. Sodium iodide and ammonium iodide photostabilized phloxine B 24 and 27 folds, respectively, when it was compared with the buffer control.
We propose a method for predicting tropical cyclonegenesis over the South China Sea (SCS) based on the total latent heat release (TLHR) derived from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager(SSM/I) satellite observations. A threshold value (3×10<sup>14</sup> W) for distinguishing the non-developing and developing tropical disturbances is obtained based on the analysis for 25 developing and 43 non-developing tropical disturbances over the SCS during 2000 to 2005. One simple idealized model is further designed to verify that mean TLHR of 3×10<sup>14</sup> W within 500 km of the center of tropical disturbance could maintain and develop the tropical disturbance, by heating the air at the upper level and dropping the sea level pressure by 3.2 hPa. A real time testing prediction of tropical cyclonegenesis over the SCS was conducted for the year of 2007 and 2008 using this threshold value of TLHR. We find that the method is successful in detecting the formation of tropical cyclones for 80% of all tropical disturbances over the SCS during 2007 and 2008
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