Rooted stem cuttings of eight American elm (Ulmus americana L.) cultivars or selections, in addition to rooted stem cuttings of two non-American elm cultivars, ‘Prospector’ (U. wilsoniana Schneid.) and ‘Frontier’ (U. carpinifolia Gleditsch x U. parvifolia Jacq.), all planted in a randomized block, split-plot design, were inoculated on either one of two dates in May 1992 with a mixed spore suspension of Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) C. Nannf. and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier, the causal fungi for Dutch elm disease (DED). Crown dieback and survival were recorded once yearly for 7 years following inoculations, and height growth was measured after the sixth growing season. Analyses of variance and regression showed significant differences in disease severity among all clones tested. Among the American elms, crown dieback and mortality over time were least for ‘Valley Forge,’ ‘Princeton,’ and ‘New Harmony; ’ intermediate for ‘Delaware’ and selection R18-2; and greatest for selections 57845 and 11 and the cultivar American Liberty. Dieback and survival of ‘Prospector’ and ‘Frontier,’ the non-American elms, were comparable to that of the more disease-tolerant American elm clones. Height growth on surviving American elms for six years after inoculation was greatest for ‘Valley Forge’ and ‘Princeton’ and least for 57845, 11, and ‘American Liberty.’ Results demonstrate the ability of certain American elm cultivars and selections to respond and then recover from heavy doses of the two fungi which cause DED.
Rooted stem cuttings of 19 American elm (Ulmus americana L.) cultivars and selections, and rooted cuttings of two non-American elm selections, U. carpinifolia Gleditsch 51 and 970 (U. glabra Huds. x (U. wallichiana Planch. x U. carpinifolia)), along with a group of American elm seedlings, were planted in a randomized block design. When the trees were nine years old, they were inoculated with a mixed spore suspension of Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) C. Nannf. and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier, the causal fungi for Dutch elm disease (DED). Analyses of variance showed highly significant variation among clones in foliar symptoms 4 weeks after inoculation and in crown dieback one and two years after inoculation. After two years, 13 of the American clones showed significantly less dieback than the American elm seedlings, and 18 American clones showed significantly less injury than a randomly chosen, unselected American elm clone, 57845. The American clones with the most DED-tolerance were cultivars ‘Valley Forge,’ ‘Princeton,’ ‘Delaware,’ and ‘New Harmony,’ and selections N3487, R18-2, 290, 190, and GDH. The non-American selections 51 and 970 also exhibited high levels of disease tolerance. Most susceptible were American clones 57845, ‘Augustine,’ Crandall, W590, and the American elm seedlings. The most disease-tolerant American elm selections identified in this study are being evaluated further for possible naming and release to the nursery industry.
PurposeAddressed to the audience of LIS educators at all levels, from full-time and adjunct faculty teaching in LIS programs, to librarians and library consultants delivering professional development training, to practitioners who work with readers in all types of libraries, this article makes a case for replacing the term “readers' advisory” with the term “Reading Experience (RE) librarianship” as a designator of the current professional practice.Design/methodology/approachUsing historical and discursive analysis based on the extensive literature review, this article argues that a number of factors call for the change in terminology: changes in the human factor (i.e., changes in readers and reading behavior; and changes in relationships between readers and librarians) and changes in the library environment (the rise of “experience” in libraries; a greater commitment to outreach and community engagement; and the fact that librarians are already practicing RE librarianship without recognizing it as such). It also examines the role of LIS educators in fostering and supporting RE librarianship.FindingsOn the one hand, the new terminology will be more reflective of the work that reader service librarians currently do, thus doing justice to a wide range of activities and expanded roles of librarians; on the other hand, it will serve as an imperative and a motivator to further transform reader services from in-house interactions with and programs for avid readers into a true community engagement, with much broader goals, scope and reach.Originality/valueThe article stands to coin a new professional term for the transformed library practice, thus recording a radical change in longstanding professional activities and encouraging new community-oriented thinking about the expanded role of librarians in promoting reading in diverse social environments.
Controlled pollinations between five disease-tolerant elm (Ulmus L.) clones (Number 970, ‘Urban’, and clones that were later named ‘Homestead’, ‘Pioneer’, and ‘Prospector’) yielded 686 seedlings. Various crosses produced from zero to over 90 seedlings. Only one of four female parents produced any viable selfed seedlings. At age four, all seedlings were inoculated with Ophiostoma ulmi, (Buism.) C. Nannf., the causal fungus for Dutch elm disease. A factorial analysis showed male parent, female parent, and male x female interaction influenced disease symptoms 4 and 8 weeks after inoculation. After a few years of further evaluation of the seedlings, 10 clones were selected for a combination of disease- and insect-tolerance and horticultural desirability. These clones were propagated and established along with four disease-tolerant cultivars and American elm seedlings in a replicated field plot. Three-year-old clonal plants inoculated with O. ulmi varied significantly in their disease symptoms 4 weeks, 1 year, and 2 years after inoculation. Even clones from the same full-sib family showed significant differences in disease tolerance. Results indicate that both specific and general combining ability are important in determining tolerance to Dutch elm disease.
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