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Each year, irrigated Saharan-and Australian-desert forests could sequester amounts of atmospheric CO 2 at least equal to that from burning fossil fuels. Without any rain, to capture CO 2 produced from gasoline requires adding about $1 to the per-gallon pump-price to cover irrigation costs, using reverse osmosis (RO), desalinated, sea water. Such mature technology is economically competitive with the currently favored, untested, power-plant Carbon Capture (and deep underground, or under-ocean) Sequestration (CCS). Afforestation sequesters CO 2 , mostly as easily Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (Climatic Change (2009) 97:409-437stored wood, both from distributed sources (automotive, aviation, etc., that CCS cannot address) and from power plants. Climatological feasibility and sustainability of such irrigated forests, and their potential global impacts are explored using a general circulation model (GCM). Biogeophysical feedback (Charney 1975) is shown to stimulate considerable rainfall over these forests, reducing desalination and irrigation costs; economic value of marketed, renewable, forest biomass, further reduces costs; and separately, energy conservation also reduces the size of the required forests and therefore their total capital and operating costs. The few negative climate impacts outside of the forests are discussed, with caveats. If confirmed with other GCMs, such irrigated, subtropical afforestation probably provides the best, nearterm route to complete control of green-house-gas-induced, global warming.

Typical mammalian erythrocytes are biconcave disks. Flow cytometric light-scattering measurements of red cell volume show large, orientation-dependent variations in signal size. To eliminate errors caused by shape factors, we sphere erythrocytes isovolumetrically on an AutoAnalyzer manifold (Technicon Instruments Corp., Tarrytown, N.Y.) using a carefully controlled ratio of concentrations of a salt of long chain sulfated fatty alcohol (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) to albumin in neutrally buffered isotonic saline, producing a suspension with at least 2% hours of stability with respect to cell volume, cell count and retention of hemoglobin. A two-step manifold modification of this procedure is preferred. It uses the endogeneous serum protein and a first SDS-saline reagent without added albumin at a low dilution, and further dilution with a second SDS-saline containing a very low concentration of glutaraldehyde. This bypasses a serious shelf life problem with the albumin-SDS reagent.Microhematocrit and Coulter electronic impedance measurements were correlated with light-scattering measurements on our own flow cytometer system of unsphered, sphered, and sphered and fixed samples. These reveal marked superiority over unsphered samples (e.g., reduced coefficients of variation of cell volume and improved correlation with microhematocrit) of the sphered and of the sphered and lightly fixed cells. The resulting tighter unimodal cell volume distributions also provide the following advantages: 1) The separation of signals of large platelets from that of the smallest red cells is substantially increased permitting better resolution of microcytic red cells in some abnormal bloods, and 2) bimodality of red cell volume distribution in abnormal bloods is more easily resolved.

The presence of cholinesterase at the myoneural junction of intercostal muscle has been demonstrated in both light and electron microscopic preparations. A new simultaneous diazo coupling technique using ot-naphthyl acetate as substrate and "hexazonium pararosanilin" as coupler has been applied to cold formalin-fixed tissues. After postfixation in buffered osmium tetroxide the sites of esterase activity are faithfully demonstrated at a high level of resolution. The details of cholinesterase distribution and some technical aspects of the procedure are discussed.