The paper presents the results of research on the introduction of phytogenic feed additives from local plant resources in the diets of egg-laying hens of different genotypes. The degree of assimilation (digestibility, use) of the feed nutrients and the conversion of the consumed feed (feed costs per 10 eggs and per 1 kg of egg weight) were determined. The costs of metabolizable energy and protein of feed per unit of production were analyzed. The composition of phytogenic feed additives under study: 1.5% (of the basic diet) flour of brown seaweeds (kelp) and 1.5% - flour of local wild herbs. It was found that their use in the diets of laying hens helps to intensify metabolic processes occurring in the body of all genotypes of poultry. The digestibility of the consumed forage hygroscopic moisture during the periods analyzed increased by 2.9-3.6%, protein digestibility by 2.9-4.3%, fat digestibility by 3.1-4.0%, nitrogen-free extractive substances by 3.9-4.6%, nitrogen use by 4.9-5.9% to the control indices of each genotype. Intensification of metabolic processes contributed to an increase in the payment for feed by products. Reduction of feed expenses for production of 10 eggs amounted to 5,5-7,3%, for 1 kg of egg weight - 8,4-13,9% to the control. The cost of metabolizable energy and protein of feed to produce a unit of product decreased. The analysis of the data revealed that laying hens of all genotypes responded positively to the inclusion of biologically active feed additive in their basic diet. The most "responsive" genotype (cross) to the intake of nutrients included in the phytogenic feed additive with the diet is the cross "Dekalb White". The birds of this cross showed higher results of intensity of metabolic processes of the body and payment for feed by products.
On the basis of the "Komarova" farm (Magadan, Magadan region), the effect of introducing a new non-traditional component feed additive of plant origin into the diets of young cattle was studied. The research was carried out during the stall period. For the experiment there were taken four groups of animals (14-16 months of age) divided at random in accordance with the genotype into control and experimental groups of ten animals each. The first two groups (control, experiment) included purebred Holstein bulls, the other two – hybrids of the 1st generation (1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Herefords). For the experimental groups, the main diet was supplemented with a component feed additive consisting of cedar elfin (Mountain pine) flour and lichens (alpine cladonia (Cladonia alpestris), Icelandic cetraria (Cetraria islandica)). The results of the experiment has shown that the feed additive, consisting of 120 g of cedar elfin needle flour and 50 g of lichen flour (80% of Cladonia alpestris and 20% of Cetraria islandica), has a positive effect on the intensification of metabolic processes in the animals. The digestibility of crude protein increased by 1.29-4,19 g (1.7-5.6 %); that of the organic matter – by 6.65-8.90 g (11.0-14.3 %); NFE (nitrogen-free extracts) – by 7.80-9.18 g (14.14-15.70 %). An increase in the digestibility of feed nutrients had a positive effect on an increase in live weight gain by 0.60-3.0 g (1.35-5.93 %). An increase in feed conversion was 0.24-6.8 MJ (0.20-6.74 %); feed protein – by 0.02-0.09 g (1.22-6.17 %). Crossbred bulls turned out to be more responsive to changes in the ration of feeding and showed better results in all studied parameters. The effectiveness of using the additive is due to the fact that the raw material for the production is obtained from wild plants growing in nature in sufficiently large volumes. They do not require significant costs for harvesting and preparation for feeding.
It was undertook a number of studies on the effects of introducing new non-conventional vegetable supplementary feeds in the diets of dairy cows and industrial laying hens. Plants are not cultivated for their production, but they refer to wild crops growing in the natural habitat in sufficient quantities. The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of introducing non-conventional vegetable supplementary feeds on the productive qualities of cows and laying hens; quality of products (milk, eggs); nutrient digestibility (use) of laying hens and reproductive functions of cows; and to identify the economic efficiency of using these supplementary feeds by changing feed conversion ratio. The composition of supplementary feeds for cows included sea furbelow, creeping pine needles, lichens. Supplementary feeds consisting of sea furbelow flour and wild crops were introduced into the diet of laying hens: fireweed or rosebay willowherb, stinging nettle, and creeping pine needles. The studies were conducted at the agricultural enterprises. The experiments were performed on Ayrshire and Holstein cows of different lactation periods and the Hisex White laying hens of various age and productive periods. Randomized regimens were used, including 2-5 levels of feeding. The groups of cows were formed by the analog to pair matching method; laying hens were formed by the analog to group matching method and were kept in equal zoohygienic conditions. During group formation, no significant differences in body weight and productivity between the formed groups were revealed (P> 0.05), which indicates the correct selection of groups for the research. As a result, cows improved reproductive functions, increased milk yield, milk fat content and feed conversion; hens showed the intensification of metabolic processes, contributing to an increase in productivity, feed conversion and egg quality (P 0.05), which indicates the effectiveness of using new supplementary feeds.
The aim of this work is to study correlations of the frequencies of SSR markers (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) and live weight of domestic reindeer. A spectrum of 4 amplicons with a fragment size of 240– 330 bp, 350–430 bp, 440–520 bp and 520–570 bp can be considered specific for the Chukchi breed, since deer of all populations is most common. The variability of SSR markers in populations indicates the similarity between them in most allelic frequencies. This confirms the common origin, economic and breeding use of deer of the Chukchi breed. Loci No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 are positively associated with each other, while with other loci they have the opposite correlation direction of communication. For all sex and age groups of deer, loci no. 3 (240– 330 bp), no. 4 (330–350) and no. 5 (350–430) are characterized by a moderately crowded inverse relationship with an indicator of live weight. The average value of the correlation coefficient for these loci was equal to: -0.603; -0.648 and -0.646, respectively. By loci No. 6 (440–520 bp), No. 7 (520–570) and No. 8 (650–690), on the contrary, a direct in action and medium in magnitude connection was noted, the correlation coefficient for these loci an average of 0.266; 0.597 and 0.559, respectively. The data obtained allow us to identify trends in the correlation conjugacy of ISSR markers and live weight, and to reduce the search space for genes whose polymorphism is associated with live weight variability in Chukchi populations. Using the analysis of variance, a reliable influence of the «farm» factor (ecology + farm conditions) on the frequency of occurrence of a DNA fragment with an average value of the influence force ηx² = 65,9% was established. The correlation ratio ηx = 0.811 confirms the presence of a close relationship between the attributes.
The purpose of the work is to study the genetic characteristics of reindeer populations in the Chukotka Autonomous Region using DNA microsatellites. Genetic monitoring data for 2013 and 2018 are presented (the interval of one generation). In the genetic parameters of populations statistically significant differences were found. Samples are characterized by a large number of active alleles of breed diversity. The average number of alleles per locus ranged from 7.7 to 9.95. Indices of heterozygosity in the studied groups of deer are from 0.851 to 0.887 - indicate the prosperous condition of the populations of the Chukchi breed by genetic heterogeneity. The differentiation of livestock is influenced by inter-farm and inter-herd exchange of the allele pool. Criteria for the genetic similarity of the selective sample populations of 2013 and 2018 according to the frequencies of the ISSR markers were in the range from 0.852 to 0.993, which indicates the stability of the gene pools of the studied deer groups. Eco-geographical and economic conditions affect the frequency of ISSR markers with a force of ηx2 = 67-70.4%, being the main factor of intraspecific differentiation. According to the identified microsatellite loci, the populations of the Chukchi breed are in a state of genetic equilibrium. Factors which stabilize the genetic structure of the populations of the Chukchi breed are free crosses typical for reindeer, a large number of males involved in reproduction. Noting that the number of deer of the Chukchi breed is declining, constant monitoring of its gene pool is necessary, which provides the stability of populations.
Purpose: study of associations of live weight and genotypic traits in reindeer populations.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020. on the basis of 8 agricultural enterprises in Chukotka. Tissue samples (ear pinch) of deer of different sex and age groups served as material for genetic studies. In molecular genetic studies, 1002 samples were used. Individual genotyping of animals was carried out using the ISSR-PCR method. The live weight of the reindeer was determined using the materials of the zootechnical reports of the reindeer farms. Associations of the average population indices of genetic diversity and live weight of deer were established by a calculation-statistical method of comparing the values of values. The correlation coefficient was calculated by the product method according to the Pearson formula.Results. The variability of ISSR markers in populations indicates a significant similarity between them in most of the allelic frequencies, which confirms the common origin, economic and breeding use of the Chukchi breed deer. The populations are characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity. Differences in live weight between highly productive and less productive populations on average for all sex and age groups of deer amounted to 16.8%. At the same time, the populations with a high live weight of deer significantly exceeded the populations with a lower live weight in the average number of alleles per locus by 5.0% (P <0.01), the number of effective effective alleles - by 11.8% (P <0.001), polymorphic information content index (PIC) - by 35.8% (P <0.01). The homozygosity coefficient in the low-productive animals was 12.6% higher than in the high-productive group. In the populations with the highest live weight of deer - WZR, WAE and AMG, the most significant indicators of genetic diversity were also found: the average number of alleles per locus is 8.57; 10.45 and 8.71; effective alleles per locus - 7.57; 9.10 & 8.15; expected heterozygosity - 0.868; 0.890 & 0.877; PIC index - 0.248; 0.380 and 0.374, respectively. In populations with a low live weight of deer - OST and CHN, the smallest values of the number of active effective alleles per locus were found - 6.68 and 6.41; expected heterozygosity - 0.850 and 0.844, PIC index (proportion of heterozygotes) - 0.151 and 0.254. The correlation coefficient between the indicator of live weight and the genetic diversity of deer turned out to be equal for the average number of alleles per locus r = 0.335; the number of effective alleles - r = 0.52; heterozygosity - r = 0.558, the proportion of heterozygous variants - r = 0.646.Conclusion. The data obtained make it possible to state the existence of a dependence of the live weight of deer on the genotypic diversity in the populations of the Chukchi breed.
Purpose: study the biological value of proteins in the meat of Reindeer of the Chukchi breed.Materials and methods. The object of research is the meat of the northern deer bred in the Chukotsk AO. The content and maintenance of animals was carried out in accordance with the current production regulations. The northern deer are year -round in the tundra and forest -tundra pastures without additional feeding. For the study, deer older than 2 years, unsuitable for further use for economic purposes and chosen for the implementation for meat, were selected. The slaughter was carried out in places of grazing deer in March 2021. After cutting, the carcasses were frozen and stored at a temperature of not higher than 18 ° C. The sampling of the longest back muscles (M. Longissimus Dorsi) was carried out at the level of 9-12 ribs, in total, samples were taken in the amount of 52 pcs. The identification of animal protein amino acids was carried out in accordance with GOST 34132-2017.Results. In terms of the number of essential amino acids, Olenin surpasses beef in 6 positions out of 8. Including isolacin (114.2 %), leucine (111.4 %), methionine (133.9 %), phenylanin (108.6 %), Alanin (101.2 %), Arginine (120.1 %). Compared to lamb and pork, deer meat contains more valine, isolacin, leucine, lysine, methionine and phenylalanine. The coefficient of variability of essential amino acids varies between 7.87 ... 13.42 % with an average value of 9.8 %. Such a degree of variability of the sign can provide an acceptable level of breeding selection in terms of quantitative content of amino acids in the protein of deer meat. In the studied sample, the largest concentration of essential amino acids found leucine (1.647 g/100 g) and lysine (1.427 g), and the smallest - trionine (0.680 g). Among the replaced amino acids, the most significant concentration was detected in glutamine - 2.475 g/100 g, and the smallest - cysteine - 0.146 g/100 g of meat. The amount of essential amino acids amounted to 8.977 g/100 g, replaced - 7.72 g/100 g, the total amount - 16.697 g/100 g of meat. The amino acid score of each individual indispensable amino acid of meat varies from 118 to 242, phenylalanine is a limiting amino acid. The amount of essential amino acids of meat of meat as a percentage of the reference value is 148%.Conclusion. The data obtained allow us to state that the meat of the northern deer of the Chukotka breed is a biologically valuable food product that is not inferior to the best varieties of beef, lamb and pork. Olenina can successfully serve as an addition to meat products received from agricultural animals in the meat balance, especially the Arctic and subarctic territories of Russia.
Purpose: study the correlations of STR-markers of DNA and amino acids of reindeer meat protein.Materials and methods: Amino acid analysis was performed according to GOST 34132–2017 «Meat and meat products. Method for determining the amino acid composition of animal protein». When setting up multiplex PCR STR, primers and microsatellite DNA loci used for deer (Cervidae) were taken. The nomenclature of loci corresponds to the world standard.Results. Information is provided on the quantitative content of amino acids in the protein of M. longissimus dorsi, on the size of amplicons, the association of amino acids and STR loci in a sample of Chukchi deer. The coefficient of variability of essential amino acids ranged from 7.9 to 11.8 %, which can provide an acceptable level of selection for this trait. Amino acids are associated with each other mainly statistically significantly, the degree of closeness of the relationship varies from medium to strong. Less closely correlated with other amino acids were methionine and proline. Most indicators of the relationship between microsatellite loci and amino acids turned out to be insignificant in magnitude, statistically unreliable and reverse in direction, which practically indicates the absence of a relationship between the traits. At the same time, a significant correlation of individual STR markers with amino acids was revealed. In particular, the NVHRT30 locus is associated with the essential amino acids VAL, LEU, ILE, THR with a coupling coefficient equal to: r1 = -0.322; r2 = -0.290; r3 = -0.272 and r4 = -0.437, respectively.Conclusion. The data obtained fit into the framework of the well-known thesis about the localization of microsatellites mainly in the non-coding regions of the DNA molecule. However, they can also be located in promoter regions and have linkage with candidate genes of quantitative trait loci. It is necessary to continue research in the chosen direction on other populations of the range in order to accumulate more significant amounts of information.
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