The objectives of this cross-sectional population study of 70-year-old people in Gothenburg, Sweden, were to make a survey of the social and medical conditions of the population, to obtain basic data for planning the care of the elderly, to contribute to the knowledge of normal ageing processes and of normal criteria within the age group, and to offer the subjects a thorough medical examination. A representative systematic sample comprised 1148 propositi (521 males and 627 females). The study comprised a homecall part regarding basic personal data, dwelling conditions, economy, social and physical communications, previous migration, educational level, previous and any present professions, need for care, consumption of health care and drugs. Observations and measurements were done of illumination at the habitual site of reading, and a simple test of visual acuity was performed. Later on, examinations at the Out-patient Department of the Geriatric Hospital were performed, comprising in all probandsThe study was planned and organized by the authors and has been performed under their leadership (project leader A. Svanborg), and with the participation also of E.
An extradural fluid volume (0.04–1.0 ml) was suddenly applied to the parietal brain surface in rabbits by means of a plunger system, attached to a hole in the skull. The immediate changes in arterial blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration were recorded and used as criteria of a “concussive response”. These pathophysiological effects were related to peak amplitude (0.1–3.0 atm.) and duration (5–300 msec) of the recorded intracranial pressure pulse. Similar pathophysiological effects could be reproduced by application of the same single load to the brain through a series of experiments. The “severity” of the concussive response varied with the peak amplitude and duration of the intracranial pressure pulse. At pressure pulses of 5–15 msec duration no pathophysiological effects occurred with a pressure pulse not exceeding about 0.7 atm. peak amplitude, but at 2.5 atm. peak pressure irreversible apnea was produced. Decrease in blood pressure occurred at induction of pressure pulses of comparatively low magnitude while a sudden increase in blood pressure was produced at pressure pulses of higher magnitude. Duration of apnea increased with increasing peak amplitude of the pressure pulse and seems to be a useful measure of the “severity” of the concussive response in the present type of brain trauma.
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