OBJECTIVES: To present our experience with initial fabrication of 3D printed model of heart from cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging data. METHODS: A 20-year-old patient with a congenital heart defect after a surgical correction underwent CMR imaging. A novel whole-heart CMR imaging sequence, not requiring gadolinium contrast material application, was performed. Image data from this CMR sequence were used for 3D heart model printing. RESULTS: A lifelike 3D printed copy of the heart with a congenital defect with superior visualization of cardiovascular anatomical details was successfully fabricated. CONCLUSION: 3D printing of the heart copies from novel whole heart CMR imaging data is feasible and harmless to patients. These models can be used for operative planning of complex congenital heart defects (Fig. 4, Ref. 14).
Juvenile spondyloarthropathies are mainly manifested by symptoms of peripheral arthritis and enthesitis. Early involvement of sacroiliac joints and spine is exceptionally rare in children; this usually happens in adulthood. Conventional radiographs visualize late inflammatory lesions. Early diagnosis is possible with the use of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. The first part of the article presented classifications and radiographic presentation of juvenile spondyloarthropathies. This part discusses changes seen on ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. In patients with juvenile spondyloarthropathies, these examinations are conducted to diagnose inflammatory lesions in peripheral joints, tendon sheaths, tendons and bursae. Moreover, magnetic resonance also shows subchondral bone marrow edema, which is considered an early sign of inflammation. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging do not show specific lesions for any rheumatic disease. Nevertheless, they are conducted for early diagnosis, treatment monitoring and identifying complications. This article presents a spectrum of inflammatory changes and discusses the diagnostic value of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
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