ResumoAs estações de tratamento de água são unidades industriais empregadas em grande escala no tratamento de água doce bruta para o consumo humano. No entanto, o processo de tratamento de água bruta gera enorme volume de lodo que necessita ser descartado. No Brasil este lodo tem sido descartado principalmente nos recursos hídricos mais próximos, resultando em problemas ambientais, econômicos e sociais. Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo objetivando avaliar a infl uência da adição do lodo de estação de tratamento de água (ETA) sobre as propriedades tecnológicas de tijolo solo-cimento para uso na construção civil. As matérias-primas utilizadas foram solo, lodo de ETA e cimento Portland. Corpos cimentício cilíndricos contendo até 5% em peso de lodo de ETA em substituição parcial do solo foram preparados por prensagem uniaxial e curados em câmara úmida por 28 dias. Os tijolos solo-cimento foram caracterizados em termos de absorção de água, massa específi ca bulk e resistência à compressão simples. Análise microestrutural dos tijolos curados foi acompanhada por microscopia confocal e difração de raios X. Os resultados indicaram que a incorporação do lodo de ETA infl uencia diretamente nas propriedades tecnológicas dos tijolos solo-cimento. Além do mais, o lodo de ETA estudado pode ser incorporado em tijolo solo-cimento numa quantidade de até 1,25% em peso como substituto parcial do solo natural. Palavras-chave: lodo de ETA, tijolo solo-cimento, propriedades, reciclagem. Abstract
In municipal waterworks large amounts of waste in the form of sludge have to be discarded. This investigation focuses on the processing of ceramic floor tiles incorporated with a municipal waterworks sludge. Four floor tile formulations containing up to 10 wt. % of the municipal waterworks sludge in replacement of kaolin were prepared. The floor tile processing route consisted of dry powder granulation, uniaxial pressing, and firing between 1190 and 1250 °C using a fast-firing cycle (<60 min). The densification behavior and technological properties of the floor tile pieces as function of the sludge addition and firing temperature were determined. The development of the microstructure was followed by XRD and SEM/EDS. The results show that the replacement of kaolin with municipal waterworks sludge, in the range up to 10 wt. %, allows the production of ceramic floor tiles (group BIb and group BIIa, ISO 13006 Standard) at lower firing temperatures. These results suggest a new possibility for valorization of municipal waterworks sludge with many economical and environmental benefits.
In municipal waterworks large amounts of waste in the form of sludge have to be discarded. This investigation focuses on the processing of ceramic floor tiles incorporated with a municipal waterworks sludge. Four floor tile formulations containing up to 10 wt. % of the municipal waterworks sludge were prepared in order to replace the kaolin. The floor tile processing route consisted of dry powder granulation, uniaxial pressing, and firing between 1190 and 1250 • C using a fast-firing cycle (<60 min). The densification behavior and technological properties of the floor tile pieces as function of the sludge addition and firing temperature were determined. The development of the microstructure was followed by XRD and SEM/EDS. The results show that the replacement of kaolin with municipal waterworks sludge, in the range up to 10 wt. %, allows the production of ceramic floor tiles (group BIb and group BIIa, ISO 13006 Standard) at lower firing temperatures. These results suggest a new possibility of valorization of municipal waterworks sludge in order to bring economic and environmental benefits.
Clays mined in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, are basically kaolinitic with refractory behavior. Sintering of these clays for the fabrication of red ceramic products such as bricks, tiles and structural blocks usually requires addition of fluxing agents to consolidate the ceramic structure. The banana plant has potassium as one of its major nutrients, which exists in a relatively higher amount associated with the plant lignocellulosic constitution. Since potassium compounds are also fluxing agents for clay ceramics, the present work evaluates the effect of an aqueous extract obtained from the banana plant, for plastic behavior, into a clayey mixture before firing at conventional temperatures of 700 and 900°C. The results of this banana aqueous extract addition revealed that, within standard deviations of the evaluated properties, there was no apparent improvement but only a slightly tendency of undesirable increase in the ceramic linear shrinkage at 900°C firing temperature.
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