Summary Confirmation was obtained of the occurrence in Italy in 1976 of an epizootic of classical swine influenza in pigs. Confirmation was based on the isolation of influenza virus strains showing a close antigenic relationship with both classical influenza A/Swine/ Iowa/30 (Hsw 1 N1) virus and A / New Jersey / 8 / 76 virus; a rise in antibody titer in sera obtained during the acute and convalescent stages of illness; and a high incidence of HI antibodies in tests with A / New Jersey virus (Hsw 1 N1) and a very low incidence in tests with influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3 N2) virus on 1330 sera from 46 farms in the province of Mantova (North Italy). Zusammenfassung Bericht über das Auftreten klassischer Schweineinfluenza in Italien im Jahre 1976 Das epizootische Auftreten klassischer Schweineinfluenza in Schweinen wurde in Italien bestätigt. Diese Bestätigung basiert auf den folgenden Ergebnissen: a) Isolierung von Influenzastämmen mit naher antigenetischer Verwandtschaft zu den klassischen Influenzastämmen A/Swine/Iowa/30 (HSwl/ N1) und A / New Jersey J 8 / 76. b) Anstieg der Antikörpertiter in Schweineseren während der akuten Krankheitsphase und in der Konvaleszenzphase. c) Häufiger Nachweis von Antikörpern im HAH‐Test gegen das A / New Jersey‐Virus (HSw1/N1) sowie sehr seltener Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen Influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3/N2) in 1330 Seren von 46 Farmen der Provinz Mantua/Norditalien.
Objetivo: Identificar a percepção dos líderes em relação às variáveis contingenciais e os Sistemas de Controle Gerencial predominantes em uma rede de supermercados do Brasil.Fundamento: A Teoria da Contingência propõe que as estruturas organizacionais e os processos eficientes dependem do contexto da organização (Waterhouse & Tiessen, 1978), o que sugere que variáveis contingenciais, como o tamanho, ambiente, estrutura e outras, influenciam o desempenho e a utilização dos Sistemas de Controle Gerencial.Método: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo com utilização da técnica de consenso, pesquisa descritiva e de levantamento, envolvendo uma amostra de 126 líderes, com cargos de diretores, gerentes, supervisores e outras funções com poder de decisão nos supermercados pesquisados.Resultados: Houve predominância da variável contingencial tecnologia, seguida da incerteza ambiental. Os gestores dos supermercados precisam estar atentos a novas tendências, a fim de agilizarem processos e diminuírem custos para serem capazes de fidelizar e atrair novos clientes. Os Sistemas de Controle Gerencial predominantes foram os controles formais. Esses sistemas englobam o orçamento tradicional e métodos de custeio que auxiliam na tomada de decisões.Contribuições: Por considerar que a Teoria da Contingência existe no contexto da mudança ambiental evolucionária, as organizações eficazes são aquelas capazes de adaptarem-se as variáveis ambientais (Wright, Kroll & Parnell, 2007). Estudos envolvendo a Teoria da Contingência se tornam relevantes ao explorar algumas variáveis contingenciais que impactam na gestão organizacional e consequentemente nos SCG, o que faz com que este estudo se torne relevante para a literatura.
Vaccination using injectable Newcastle vaccine (inactivated) oil emulsion at 21 days of age stimulated high and persistent H.I. antibody levels. Vaccine prepared on an industrial scale contained not less then 100 PD50 in 0.5 ml. High levels of maternal antibodies had a negative influence on vaccination of chickens when carried out during the first 3 weeks of age, but not when performed later. Vaccine stored in a refrigerator (at 8 degrees to 4 degrees C) or at room temperature (20 degrees C) retained its potency for at least 1 year.
Summary 1. BHK 21 cells stored in liquid nitrogen remained alive for 2 years. 2. BHK 21 cell suspension cultures were carried out in a 150 l. vessel. A viable cell density of 2.2–2.5 times 106/ml. was observed. 3. Cells propagated in deep suspension cultures were used to prepare monolayers in rolling bottles. 4. Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus was produced in BHK monolayers or deep suspension. Both antigens compared favourably with Frenkel and calf kidney type antigens. 5. In hamsters the carcinogenic capacity of BHK cells was shown by intact viable cells; no carcinogenic reactions were observed with BHK cell‐free extracts, formol‐treated cells, chloroform‐treated cells, or foot‐and‐mouth disease inactivated virus produced from BHK cells. Zusammenfassung BHK 21‐Zellkulturen zur Maul‐ und Klauenseuche‐Virus‐Produktion im Großmaßstab 1. BHK 21‐Zellen hielten sich in flüssigem Stickstoff zwei Jahre vermehrungsfähig. 2. In einem 150 l‐Gefäß wurden BHK 21‐Zellsuspensionskulturen angesetzt. Hierbei wurde eine Dichte von 2,2–2,5 times 106/ml lebensfähiger Zellen festgestellt. 3. Zellen aus diesen Tiefenkulturen wurden zur Herstellung von Monolayern in Rollflaschen verwendet. 4. MKS‐Virus wurde in BHK‐Monolayer‐ und auch Tiefenkulturen produziert. Beide Antigene ließen sich durchaus mit denen des Frenkel‐bzw. Kalbsnierentyps vergleichen. 5. Bei Hamstern entfalteten nur die unbeschädigten, lebenden BHK‐Zellen eine carcinogene Wirkung. BHK‐zellfreie Extrakte, formol‐ oder chloroformbehandelte Zellen sowie MKS‐Virus aus BHK‐Zellen ließen keine carcinogenen Wirkungen erkennen. Résumé Cultures des cellules BHK 21 pour la production sur une grande échelle du virus de la fièvre aphteuse 1. Les cellules BHK 21 restent viables après 2 ans de conservation dans l'azote liquide. 2. Des cultures de cellules BHK 21 en suspension sont préparées dans des récipients de 150 l. On observe une densité de cellules viables de 2,2 à 2,5 times 106/ml. 3. Les cellules de ces cultures profondes sont utilisées pour préparer des “monolayers” en bouteilles rotatives. 4. Le virus de la fièvre aphteuse est produit en BHK‐monolayers ou en culture profonde. Les deux antigènes sont sans autre comparables avec ceux du type Frenkel, resp. rein de veau. 5. Seules les cellules BHK intactes et viables développent leur propriété carcinogène chez le hamster. On n'observe aucun effet carcinogène avec des extraits exempts de cellules BHK, avec des cellules traitées au formol ou au chloroforme et avec le virus de la fièvre aphteuse issu de cellules BHK. Resumen Cultivos celulares BHK‐21 para la producción de virus aftoso en escala industrial 1. Las células BHK‐21, conservadas durante 2 años en nitrógeno líquido, mantenían su facultad reproductora. 2. En un recipiente de 150 l de cabida se alojó una suspensión de cultivo de células BHK‐21. Se contrastó una densidad celular viable de 2,2–2,5 times 106/ml. 3. Las células propagadas en estos cultivos de suspensión profunda se emplearon para elaborar capas monoestratificadas en frascos rodantes. 4. El virus aftoso se prod...
Summry. A pilot plant is described for the mass cultivation of foot-andmouth disease virus, in vitro, on calf kidney cell monolayers. The pilot plant produces up to 400 litres of virus per week; it can be enlarged with ease to a sufficient capacity to meet any requirements.
Summary Characterisation of a pox virus from quail A pox virus isolated from a flock of quail with a severe respiratory disease in Northern Italy was characterized. The virus belongs to the genus Avipoxvirus (birdpox viruses of the family Poxviridae) and has a weak serological‐immunological relationship to pigeonpox virus but possesses biological features of an independent species. Its inclusion in the family of pox viruses as a true avipox species under the name Avipoxvirus Coturnicis is proposed. Résumé Caractérisation d'un virus variolique de la caille On caractérise un virus variolique isolé dans une exploitation de cailles de l'Italie du Nord, dans des affections purement respiratoires. Ce virus appartient au genre Avipoxvirus (virus de la variole aviaire), de la famille Poxviridae, présente une parenté sérologique faible avec le virus variolique du pigeon, mais Possède les caractéristiques biologiques d'une espèce indépendante. On propose de le classer dans la famille des virus varioliques, comme espèce Avipox spéfique, sous le nom de Avipoxvirus coturnicis. Resumen Caracterización de un virus variólico de la codorniz Se caracterizó un virus variólico aislado en una explotación de codornices ubicada en el Norte de Italia, el cual originaba enfermedades respiratorias puras. Pertenece al género Avipoxvirus de la familia Poxviridae, tiene una relación serológico‐inmunológica débil con el virus variólico de la paloma, pero posee las características biológicas de una especie autónoma. Propónese la ordenación en la familia de los virus variólicos como especie Avipox propia bajo el nombre Avipoxvirus coturnicis.
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