This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE ProgramCommitcc following review of information contained in an abstract submitwdby the authors.Contentsof the paper, as prcscmedhave not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and arc subJcctcdto correction by the author(s). The material as presented, dots not necessarilyreflect any position of the Socic\y of Petroleum Engineers,its offtccrs,or members. Paper prcscmcd at SPE meetings arc subject to publication review by &lhorial Committees of Ihc .%iely of PcsrolcumEngineers.%srtission 10copy is rcsuic~edto ass abstractof noI more than 300words. Illustrslionsmay nol be copied. llrc abstraclshould contain conspicuousacknowledgmentof where and by whom the pspcr was preacnsed. Write librarian, SPE. P.O. Box 833836, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax: 01-214-952-9435. AbstractThe formation damage caused by the injection of water containing suspended particles, which are stable and are not adsorbed spontaneously onto pore surfaces under Brownian motion. has recently been analyzed at a pore scale level. Formation damage is the result of four more or less overlapping successive steps: ( 1) deposition on a grain surface, (2) formation of mono-or multiparticle bridges with subsequent accumulation upstream from the bridges, (3) internal cake formation as soon as the nonpercolation threshold has been reached near the core entrance, and (4) external cake formation. The surface deposition is not uniform over the grain surface and varies from the upstream stagnation point to the near pore throat zone according to a function depending on flow rate and surface forces. The bridging of pore throats is strongly dependent on the effective pore throat-toparticle size ratio, and the pore-throat size is often reduced by previous surface deposition. Referencesand illustrationsat end of paperA new model has been developed to predict formation damage while taking into account these different steps. The dominant mechanism in each step is governed by parameters that have a clear physical meaning. However, due to the complexity of natural systems, these parameters cannot be quantitatively predicted from theoretical considerations but can easily be determined by specifically designed lab experiments. The model predicts the retention by deposition, by bridging and by subsequent accumulation upstream from bridges, the concentration in flowing particles and the local permeability reduction as a function of the distance from the inlet, as well as the overall permeability reduction, and the beginning of external cake formation.This new model appears to be an effective tool for analyzing the consistency of a set of laboratory data and for selecting the values of the parameters that must be introduced in a near-well bore field simulator for the proper prediction of formation damage in a given appi ication.
This paper was prepared for prescl]totion It the SPE Irrterno!inn~l Symposium on Formation Darnogc Control held in kfc~yctte, I.,)uisiami, 18-19 February 1998. This paper was selected for prcsel]tnli{~r]by an SPE Program Committee following review of inform~tion con[aincd in on :Lbstmc[ submitted by the author(s) Contents oof the paper, as presented, ha~te M)( heed reviewed by the Snciety of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to cor;e$tion by the author(s) The mil[erial, as presented, does no[ necessarily reflect any poslt!ur] of the S,>cicty of Petroleum Engineers, IIS officers, or members. PaWrs presented at SPE mettings arc subje~t tc~publication review by Editorial Committee of he Society of Petroleum Engitleers Electronic reproduction, distribution. or sfo[age of any pwt of this paper for r~>mmercial purposes witbu~tt the written crmsen[ of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prnbibited Permissimr [o reprnduce in print is restricted to mr abstract of t]ot more tbtn 300 words; illustrations i~my not be copied, The abstract must conttin conspicuous acknowledgement of where mrd by whom the paper was presented. Write Librarim], SPE. P,O. Box 833836. Richwdson, TX 75083-3836, USA, fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThe different mechanisms leading to permeability damages due to particle deposition are analyzed under various situations relevant for oil production. The analysis is based on the relative importance (of the forces involved in the various deposition processes.In this way, different deposition regimes, characterized by the values of a few non-dimensional numbers, are defined. Among the major parameters, some are conventional and usually considered, such as particle and pore sizes, flow rate, particle concentration and suspending fluid viscosity.However, other parameters, which are often ignored, such as particle and pore shape and roughness, particle-particle and particle-pore wall interaction energies as well as pore surface physiochemical heterogeneity play an even more important role. In all cases, the regime determines deposition kinetics and the location~'here particles are deposited inside porous structure. As a consequence, determining both the deposition regime and the mechanism of permeability damage involved are prerequisites before any attempt to model and to predict permeability reduction. Due to the complexity of practical cases, experiments must be carried out to define the regime and the values of the major References and illustrations at end of paper parameters used as input in a suitable formation damage model.Comparisons between model predictions and experimental results obtained under well-controlled conditions show the cases where presently the permeability damage modeling is reliable.
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