The article focuses on the Direct Drive Rotary Friction Welding of ultrafine-grained copper rods, which feature increased mechanical properties and good electrical properties, yet are limited in size. The use of UFG metals is often limited by the too small dimensions of semi-finished elements produced by SPD methods. Therefore, the production of finished machine parts from UFG metals is currently economically unjustified. Dismissal of dimensional limitations can be done by introducing joining to technological processes. The proposed joining method does not lead to a melting of the material in the joining zone or excessive degradation of the UFG microstructure. To obtain the best results, the research used the method of low-energy welding of two kinds of specimens: with a flat or a conical contact surface. In the article, the authors present, by means of metallographic microsections and microhardness measurements, the influence of rotational speed, welding pressure and conical shape contact surface on the quality of the obtained joints. The conducted research made it possible to obtain good quality joints whose microhardness is reduced only by about 10% in comparison with the base material and the tensile strength dropped from only 397–358 MPa.
The method described in this paper has been used to determine the moment when defects appear in the form of strain localization and grooves in the Marciniak bulging tests. In this method based on dynamic laser speckle, the sheet is illuminated by laser. Interference after reflection from the specimen surface creates a characteristic image of bright and dark spots. Specimen surface changes related with deformations and movements cause changes in the shape and size of spots, which are presented by authors in the form of speckle activity image. In order to identify the type of defect, the additional 3D microscopy measurements were performed. This paper presents analysis of the changes in the speckle activity image during the bulging process which enabled the defects identification during the bulging process.
Cutting is one of the most commonly used processes in sheet metal forming. One of the most important parameters of this process is the clearance. Clearance value is defined as the distance between the cutting edge of the punch and the cutting edge of the die. It is relative to the sheet thickness and has a significant effect on the quality of the cutting hole surface, the size of the hole and the possibility of a burr occurring or the rollover area on the edge of the product. In the cutting process clearance value increase during tools wear. Its correct evaluation allows to determine moment when the tools should be replaced. In the presented paper authors have proposed fast clearance evaluation method base on the geometry measurement of the finished product. Measurements was carried out by means of vision system equipped with specially designed illumination, which allows to extract the rollover area at the edge of the hole. Then measured rollover area diameter was compared to clearance values.
Advanced vision method of analysis of the Erichsen cupping test based on laser speckle is presented in this work. This method proved to be useful for expanding the range of information on material formability for two commonly used grades of steel sheets: DC04 and DC01. The authors present a complex methodology and experimental procedure that allows not only to determine the standard Erichsen index but also to follow the material deformation stages immediately preceding the occurrence of the crack. Accurate determination of these characteristics in the sheet metal forming would be an important application, especially for automotive industry. However, the sheet metal forming is a very complex manufacturing process and its success depends on many factors. Therefore, attention is focused in this study on better understanding of the Erichsen index in combination with the material deformation history.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.