Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a well-known complication in hospitalised patients [1-5]. Risk factors include older age, obesity, immobilisation, active malignancy, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), (major) surgery, thrombophilia and a history of thromboembolism [2, 5]. In 1884, Rudolph Virchow first described the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, which consist of endothelial cell dysfunction/ inflammation, low blood flow and blood hypercoagulability. Current guidelines recommend the use of thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients who are at high risk for VTE (Padua score ⩾4, IMPROVE (International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism) score ⩾2) [6]. However, in medical practice, less than half of the patients at risk receive adequate thromboprophylaxis [4].
MRI features of ovarian fibromas and fibrothecomas depend on size, with capsule and degenerative changes common with fibromas and fibrothecomas larger than 6 cm. Fibromas and fibrothecomas enhance less than myometrium and fibroids do, and less than 75% maximum percentage enhancement can help in differentiating fibromas and fibrothecomas from fibroids.
Retroverted uterine incarceration with sacculation of the anterior wall is reported to occur approximately in 1/3000 pregnancies. A literature search identified only 1 case report of incarceration of an anteflexed gravid uterus and 6 reported cases of recurrent incarceration and/or sacculation. We present a case of an incarceration of an anteflexed uterus in the first pregnancy, followed by a retroflexed incarceration in the second pregnancy. From this, a review is presented on recurrent uterine incarceration and/or sacculation.
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