As per the current trends in the field of transportation developments the sustainable transportation is the planning for the system which is safe, effective and efficient in order to access and with mobility for future taking into consideration various economic, social and environmental requirements. In these work it is tried to find out the some parameters which can be used as to define sustainability of a region based on the some data and methods so that anyone can find the sustainability of any region or link or city without much efforts. The main objective of this research work is to evaluate the sustainable transportation for emerging Metropolitan Cities by developing the approach based on performance and measurement. Certain essential goals are finalized to enhance the transportation sustainability. Each goal will contain some parameters which are used to improve the goal and these parameters are known as performance indicators. Here it is tried to find the set of objectives and the performance measures which are defined in order to fix the goals of Transportation authorities in concern with the transportation sustainability. The different objectives and performance measures will be based on safety, effectiveness, efficiency, improvement, and increase in transportation. The objectives and performancemeasures are such a type that they can be used to describe current and future scenarios for the selected site. Also they can be used to compare the current and future scenario. The performance measures can be calculated and will be expressed in terms of values so that it will be effective and understandable. There will be some methodologies to apply the performance measures. It is tried to make set of goals with the performance indicators which represents economy, increase in transportation, safety, efficiency etc. The set of performance indicators are selected as described earlier required be evaluating and quantifying, scaling suitably and aggregating by consolidating the results to obtain the final index as a parameter representing the sustainability evaluation.
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in pregnant women has an important role in its spread to paediatric population by means of vertical transmission. Effective utilization of PPTCT services can reduce this spread. This study aims to determine seroprevalence of HIV in antenatal women, demographic factors of seropositive women and utilization of PPTCT services to minimize the risk of mother to child transmission.Methods: A retrospective study was done among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of a tertiary care hospital within a period of two years from November 2013 to October 2015. Pre-test counselling, HIV testing, and post-test counselling were done as per NACO guidelines. Antiretroviral prophylaxis was given to seropositive women and their children. Analysis of demographic data of seropositive women and assessment of utilization of PPTCT services was done.Results: Out of 40,913 new antenatal registrations 26,803 (65.58%) women attended pre test counselling and 24716(60.41%) of them accepted HIV testing. Thirty-eight women were found to be seropositive with a seroprevalence rate of 0.16%. Majority of seropositve women were young primigravida, illiterate housewives belonging to rural area. Eight out of 33 partners of seropositive women tested, were found to be seronegative. Out of the 38 seropositive women, 4(10.52%) opted for pregnancy termination, and 31(81.57%) had delivery in our institution. All mother and baby pairs received antiretroviral prophylaxis.Conclusions: Seroprevalence of HIV infection in antenatal women is relatively low in this region than the national average and acceptance of therapeutic interventions to reduce the mother to child transmission is high. There is scope to improve acceptance of counselling and testing of HIV.
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