Aluminum toxicity to cereals is an important consideration when adapting a new crop to the acid soils of the Southeast. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative tolerances of different cultivars of triticale (X Triticosecale) a new crop, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to Al in nutrient solution with a pH of 4.8 at the time of transplanting. Plant induced pH change in the nutrient solution and dry matter produced were used as criteria for evaluating Al tolerance. Triticale resembled the other three species in increasing the pH of the solution during growth when no Al was added to the nutrient solution. When 6 ppm Al was added, triticale ‘6TA 131’ and ‘6TA 298,’ Al‐tolerant ‘Thorne’ and ‘Seneca’ wheats, and ‘Vitagraze’ rye increased the nutrient solution pH to values higher than 5.0. However, triticales ‘6TA 385,’ ‘6TA 203,’ and 6TA 522,’ the different barley cultivars, and ‘Abruzzi’ rye either decreased or had no effect on solution pH. ‘Atlas 66’ wheat induced significantly higher pH at 6 ppm Al added to the medium than all the other cultivars tested.
The addition of 6 ppm Al to the nutrient solution reduced the shoot growth of the different cultivars generally in a similar manner. However, reductions in root dry matter by Al indicated that, on the average, Al tolerances were: Al‐tolerant wheat and rye > triticale and Al‐tolerant barley > Al‐sensitive barley and Al‐sensitive wheat. The pH changes induced by the plants in the solution with 6 ppm Al generally confirmed the same order of tolerance as obtained from reductions in root dry matter. Increasing Al in solution significantly increased Al but decreased Ca and P in triticale, wheat, and rye. Aluminum‐sensitive wheat contained higher Al in roots than Al‐tolerant wheat. The roots of triticale and rye cultivars significantly differed in Al concentration.
Dairy cattle manure was applied to plots on Decatur silty clay loam (Thermic Rhodic Paleudults) in 1971, 1972, and 1973. The manure rates were 0, 22.5, 45, 90, 180, and 270 metric tons/ha (dry wt). Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum, L. K. Schum) was grown in summer and clipped twice and ‘Wrens Abruzzi’ rye (Secale cereale L.) was grown in winter. The residual effects of the manure treatments on forage yields and mineral composition evaluated in 1974, 1975, and 1976 are reported in this study.
The residuals of three annual applications of 180 and 270 metric tons/ha of manure were more effective than the lower rates in increasing millet and rye forage yields in 1974 to 1976 and total N and NO3‐N in 1974 and 1975. Phosphorus and, to some extent, Zn levels in millet were increased by the 22.5‐ and 45‐metric ton rates, leveling or decreasing at higher manure rates. The manure residuals also increased the levels of K in 1974 and, generally, Mg in millet and K and Ca in rye and decreased Mn in millet and rye.
Plant and soil data suggested that N limited plant growth in manured plots except at the 180‐ and 270.metric ton rates. At the higher rates there was significantly higher nitrate movement down the profile than the NPK check. The NO3‐N and total N levels in forage also suggested that N mineralization from three consecutive annual manure applications of 22.5 metric tons/ha was largely completed within the following 3 years.
Absorption and utilization of N has been shown to be affected by the N form supplied and cultivar used. The relative absorption and utilization of NH4+−N and NO3−−N by triticale (X Triticosecale, Wittmack), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) have not been determined. This study was conducted to determine the growth and mineral composition of triticale 6TA 131, ‘Arthur’ wheat, and ‘Abruzzi’ rye grown in nutrient solutions containing different NH4+−N/N03−−N ratios in a growth chamber. The NH4+−N/NO3−−N ratios were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0. Solutions were sampled every 10 days during a 30‐day plant growth period. Triticale and rye more preferentially absorbed N03−−N over NH4+−N than wheat which sometimes (50/50) absorbed more NO3 than NH4. All species produced higher dry matter with the combinations of 25/75, 50/50, and 75‐25 NH4+−N/NO3−−N ratios than with either N source alone. There were increases in the uptake of N, P, and Fe when NH4+−N/NO3−−N ratio was increased in the mixture whereas NO3−−N increased the uptake of Mg, Ca, Mn, and NO3−−N. These results suggested that the triticale inherited its absorption efficiency of NO3− from rye.
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