ummary. The aim of the study is to investigate and to systematize world experience in the organization of measures to prevent technogenic emergencies (ES), as well as the experience of timely measures to eliminate their medical and sanitary consequences, to ensure safety of the population, to provide medical care and reduce the damage caused to national economy. Study materials and methods. Various databases were used, including PubMed; Russian information-analytical portal in the field of science, technology, medicine and education — scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.RU; open access statistical reporting data and also official sites of scientific journals on the specified subjects. Results of the study and their analysis. It is noted that most countries, including the Russian Federation, have accumulated a lot of experience and developed a large number of regulatory documents governing algorithms and a necessary amount of activities in the field of protection of population and territories from man-made emergencies. In the event of such emergencies there are extremely urgent tasks to reduce or to prevent potential sanitary losses among civil population, as well as to ensure the uninterrupted operation of medical facilities. To solve them a whole complex of measures on medical and psychological protection of the population and employees of medical institutions is carried out. A specific peculiarity of professional activity of specialists of rescue services and medical workers, providing liquidation of medical and sanitary consequences of technogenic emergencies, is work in special conditions and under the influence of a considerable quantity of stressogenic factors. Organization of medical support of the victims of man-made emergencies also includes the creation of mobile forces, capable of ensuring the timeliness of medical care to victims. Most European countries have created joint rapid response forces, which are represented by mobile medical brigades and detachments, organized on the basis of large multidisciplinary medical treatment organizations. Their main task is to assess medical situation in the affected area: number of victims, severity of injuries and their preferential localization, need for specialized medical care, dislocation of the available medical forces and facilities and their capabilities. Domestic and international experience of organization of medical aid rendering to victims of technogenic emergencies shows that high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, professional burnout occur among the specialists of rescue services and medical workers, which may have long-term consequences. New methods and approaches to the organization of medical care in man-made emergencies are being developed and implemented all over the world and ways to support specialists of rescue services and medical workers taking part in the liquidation of man-made emergencies are being improved.
Summary. The aim of the study is to analyze the modern foreign and domestic scientific literature devoted to the influence of production factors on the formation of mental maladaptation in medical workers, as well as possible methods of its prevention and curing. Materials and research methods. Scientific studies of negative psychological reactions and manifestations of mental disorders in medical workers of various profiles in the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed. The search protocol included the use of various databases, including PubMed; Russian information and analytical portal in science, technology, medicine, and education — eLIBRARY.ru; open-access statistical reporting data; and official websites of scientific journals on the subjects under study. Study results and their analysis. The results of the study showed that most medical professionals experienced stress caused by organizational factors such as a lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), fears of not being able to receive quality medical care if they were sent to work elsewhere, fears of rapidly changing context, lack of access to current information and communication, lack of special medications, shortage of ventilators and beds in intensive care units In the conditions of regular health care work, most of the professionals noted tension in the process of performing professional duties, exceeding their physical and mental capacities, which was one of the main reasons for anxiety, nervousness or stress at work.
The purpose of the study is to analyze modern domestic and foreign publications, devoted to the study of factors of professional risk and consequences of mental disadaptation in rescuers and medical workers in emergency situations. Materials and research methods. The publications’ analysis was performed using the PubMed database, electronic scientific library eLIBRARY.RU, open access statistical reporting data, as well as official websites of relevant scientific journals. Combinations of specific terms related to emergency services, post-traumatic stress disorder, mental maladaptation and professional risk factors of extreme professions, including medical ones, were used. Results of the study and their analysis. While performing their service duties, rescuers and medical workers, acting in conditions of emergency with numerous human and material losses, being exposed to the threat to their own life, health or psycho-emotional condition, face a variety of critical incidents. As the number of lived traumatic situations and events increases, individuals involved in rescue operations are at higher risk of developing the pathology known as post-traumatic stress disorder. Throughout the relevant scientific literature, there is a consensus that health care workers in emergencies are at increased risk for high-level stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, addiction, and PTSD, which can have long-term psychological consequences. The specialists developed and implemented new methods and approaches to support medical specialists participating in the liquidation of medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies; substantiated the need for normative legal regulation of psychophysiological examination of personnel during periodic medical examinations, which will allow to maintain “health of the healthy”.
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