Objectives To test and characterize the dependence of viral load on gender in different countries and racial groups as a function of CD4 T‐cell count. Methods Plasma viral load data were analysed for >30 000 HIV‐infected patients attending clinics in the USA [HIV Insight™ (Cerner Corporation, Vienna, VA, USA) and Plum Data Mining LLC (East Meadow, NY, USA) databases] and the Netherlands (Athena database; HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Log‐normal regression models were used to test for an effect of gender on viral load while adjusting for covariates and allowing the effect to depend on CD4 T‐cell count. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of conclusions to assumptions regarding viral loads below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). Results After adjusting for covariates, women had (nonsignificantly) lower viral loads than men (HIV Insight™:−0.053 log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL, P=0.202; Athena: −0.005 log10 copies/mL, P=0.667; Plum:−0.072 log10 copies/mL, P=0.273). However, further investigation revealed that the gender effect depended on CD4 T‐cell count. Women had consistently higher viral loads than men when CD4 T‐cell counts were at most 50 cells/μL, and consistently lower viral loads than men when CD4 T‐cell counts were greater than 350 cells/μL. These effects were remarkably consistent when estimated independently for the racial groups with sufficient data available in the HIV Insight™ and Plum databases. Conclusions The consistent relationship between gender‐related differences in viral load and CD4 T‐cell count demonstrated here explains the diverse findings previously published.
Dengue and Japanese encephalitis flaviviruses cause severe disease and are hyperendemic in southern Vietnam. This study assesses associations between sociodemographic factors and flavivirus seroprevalence in this region. Sera were collected from 308 community and hospital-based subjects between April 1996 and August 1997 and tested with an indirect ELISA. The factors associated with seroprevalence were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. In this first report of adjusted prevalence odds ratios (POR) for flavivirus infection in Vietnam, seropositivity was associated with increasing age in children (multiple regression coefficients for a child compared to an adult = -4.975 and for age in children = 0.354) and residence in the city compared to surrounding rural districts. The association with age indicates that subjects were most likely to have acquired infection in early childhood. This is key to the design of Vietnamese health education and immunization programmes.
The use of different lipids to express serum tocopherol: lipid ratios for the measurement of vitamin E status.
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