--In the first paper of a series (Gutowski, et al., 1991) we discussed the use of flow cytometry to follow at the cellular level the aging of red blood cells (RBC) in circulation, using fluorescently labelled lectins and goat anti-human-IgG and -IgM. The Coulter Epics 541 was used for those studies. In this report we describe more extensive experiments using the Becton-Dickinson FACScan flow cytometer, and compare the results with those obtained with the Coulter Epics 541. By changing sample conditions from isotonic to hypotonic, compensation for differences of the two instruments was accomplished. We confirmed our previous observations that RBC react very strongly with fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled wheat germ agglutinin (FITC-WGA) and that there is little change in the intensity of fluorescence given by RBC of all sizes with the exception of the smallest. Reactivity with FITC-WGA is markedly decreased in the presence of competitive inhibitors of sialic acid or upon enzymatic removal of sialic acid from RBC. Removal of sialic acid is accompanied by increased reaction with peanut agglutinin (FITC-PNA). Flow cytometry was also used to monitor the enrichment of a population of smallest RBC (less than 0.05%), isolated from both counterflow centrifugation and the interface obtained from Histopaque separation. These smallest RBC showed low reactivity with FITC-WGA and higher binding of FITC-goat-anti-human-IgG, and -IgM, and therefore represent the most senescent RBC, just prior to their clearance from circulation by the reticuloendothelial system. These observations are in compliance with the hypothesis that physiological desialylation of glycophorin is responsible for clearance of senescent RBC from circulation (Aminoff, 1988).
A single application of LT peel to up to 200 cm(2) of anterior thigh in adults with a duration of up to 90 min produces systemic levels of lidocaine and tetracaine that are of no clinical significance at all time points measured up to 420 min after the initial application.
Background: Part task training (PTT) focuses on dividing complex tasks into components followed by intensive concentrated training on individual components. Variable priority training (VPT) focuses on optimal distribution of attention when performing multiple tasks simultaneously with the goal of flexible allocation of attention. This study explored how principles of PTT and VPT adapted to anesthesia training would improve first-year anesthesiology residents' management of simulated adverse airway and respiratory events. The authors hypothesized that participants with PTT and VPT would perform better than those with standard training.Methods: Twenty-two first-year anesthesia residents were randomly divided into two groups and trained over 12 months. The control group received standard didactic and simulationbased training. The experimental group received similar training but with emphasis on PTT and VPT techniques. Participant ability to manage seven adverse airway and respiratory events were assessed before and after the training period. Performance was measured by the number of correct tasks, making a correct diagnosis, assessment of perceived workload, and an assessment of scenario comprehension.Results: Participants in both groups exhibited significant improvement in all metrics after a year of training. Participants in the experimental group were able to complete more tasks and answered more comprehension questions correctly. There was no difference in perceived workload or the number of correct diagnoses between groups.Conclusion: This study in part confirmed the study hypotheses. The results suggest that VPT and PTT are promising adjuncts to didactic and simulation-based training for management of adverse airway and respiratory events.
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