C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein implicated in the progression of cancer. A positive correlation between tumour stage and plasma CRP levels was demonstrated in prostate cancer, indicating a relationship between raised CRP levels and more aggressive disease suggesting a role for inflammatory response in tumour progression.Aim of this study was to assess the tumoural presence and cellular location of CRP and establish if these are linked to clincopathological features of the cohort and patient survival.Tissue microarray technology was employed to analyse 50 matched pairs of hormone sensitive and refractory prostate cancers. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibody to CRP. CRP was assessed using the weighted histoscore method.CRP presence was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of selected tumours.Cytoplasmic CRP correlated positively with metastases at diagnosis (p=0.039), whereas nuclear CRP presence correlated with metastases at relapse (p=0.006). A trend towards an increase in cytoplasmic and nuclear CRP presence from hormone sensitive to hormone refractory tumours was noticed. No significant association between tumoural CRP presence, time to biochemical relapse or disease specific survival was observed.Tumoural CRP is likely to play a role in progression of prostate cancer, as it is associated with increased presence of metastases at time of diagnosis and time of relapse. A larger powered study is necessary to establish if CRP presence is associated with disease specific survival.
Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is known as an important transcription factor in endocrine tumours. It is elevated in hypoxic tumour microenvironment, increasing angiogenesis and enabling tumour cells to enter the circulation. We therefore hypothesised that patients with advanced prostate cancer disease have high tumoural HIF-1α xpression and worse disease specific survival. Aim of this study was to assess expression of HIF-1α in prostate cancer specimens taken before and after castrate resistance to address its cellular location and to examine if this is associated with clinicopathological features and clinical outcome of the particular prostate cancer cohort. 50 pairs of hormone naive and castrate resistant prostate cancer specimens were analysed employing tissue microarray technology. Immunohistochemistry was performed using an antibody to HIF-1α.HIF-1α expression was observed in both, cytoplasm and nucleus. Cytoplasmic HIF-1α expression correlated positively with metastases at diagnosis (p=0.005), whereas nuclear HIF-1α expression correlated with metastases at relapse (p=0.041). Cytoplasmic and nuclear HIF-1α expression did not change from hormone naive to hormone castrate resistant tumours. No significant association was observed in this study between tumoural HIF-1α expression, biochemical relapse and patient survival. HIF-1α was associated with the presence of metastases at time of diagnosis and time of relapse. HIF-1α is likely to play a role in progressive prostate cancer.
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