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A means by which measurements of the optical properties of crops and soils can be knowledgeably compared from site to site and instrument to instrument is presented in detail. The definition of bidirectional reflectance factor is reviewed and discussed.Procedures for field implementation are illustrated and discussed.Spectral and goniometric properties of laboratory and field reference surfaces are given.It is concluded that intelligent use of the bidirectional reflectance factor technique is an accurate and practical means to obtain the spectral, optical properties of crops and soils needed for advancements in agricultural remote sensing.

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Using polarization measurements, the reflectance factor R(theta(i),phi(i),theta(r),phi(r)) of two wheat canopies is divided into components due to specularly and diffusely reflected light. The data show that two key angles may be predicted, the angle of the polarizer for minimum flux and the angle of incidence of sunlight specularly reflected by a leaf to a sensor. The results show that specular reflection is a key aspect to radiation transfer by two canopies. Results suggest that the advent of heading in wheat may be remotely sensed from polarization measurements of the canopy reflectance.