The genus Heterakis Dujardin, 1845 is one of the most widely distributed genera of nematode parasites of domestic and wild birds. Geographically and ecologically predominant species include Heterakis gallinarum Schrank, 1788 and Heterakis dispar Schrank, 1790. Prevalence and occurrence of these nematodes in the domestic goose (Anser anser dom.) depend on their biological and morphological specifics which ensure the highest viability, fast growth and maximum fertility in the host. This study presents the abundance and species composition of nematodes of the genus Heterakis in the domestic goose in Ukraine. Comparative study of morphological and metrical characteristics of H. gallinarum and H. dispar adult females and males is presented. Additional morphometric characteristics are proposed for easier identification of the two species. Stages and periods of embryonic development of H. gallinarum and H. dispar nematodes obtained from domestic geese are established according to morphological and metrical characters. Of the two species, H. dispar is prevalent in domestic geese from Poltava, Kharkiv and Kyiv regions. Abundance index of this species is 9.8 specimens, and intensity of infection index is up to 62 specimens. H. gallinarum is rarer, its abundance index is 1.2 specimens and maximum intensity of infection is 30 specimens. Species-specific morphological differences are more distinct in male nematodes in the size and structure of the spicules, lateral wing-like protrusions of pseudobursas, numbers and position of tail papillae. Additional metrical characteristics differ between H. gallinarum and H. dispar nematodes, allowing us to identify not only adult specimens but also eggs. Embryonic development of both species occurs in four morphologically distinct stages: protoplast, blastomere cleavage, formation of first and second stage larvae. Eggs of H. gallinarum nematodes become infectious in eight days at 27 °С, eggs of H. dispar in four days, their viability in laboratory culture is 84.3 ± 0.58 and 91.3 ± 1.53% respectively.
One of the conditions for successfully managing rabbit breeding is ensuring the epizootological well-being of farms concerning invasive animal diseases. Helminthiases, protozooses, and acaroses cause significant economic damage to the industry due to a decrease in the biological value of rabbit meat and skins, a delay in growth, development, and a decrease in the growth of young animals, as well as their death. Carrying out epizootic monitoring and assessment of the epizootic situation in different regions of Ukraine is one of the main preventive measures, which, based on the results of the study of the epizootic state, analysis of veterinary reports, and the results of laboratory tests, will allow effective treatment and prevention of invasive diseases in rabbit farms. The purpose of the work was to conduct monitoring studies of the epizootic situation regarding rabbit parasitoses in the territory of some areas of Ukraine. It was established that the total incidence of domestic rabbits by parasitoses was 36.27 %. The weight of infestations caused by the simplest organisms was the highest, reaching 81.96 %. The specific weight of infestations caused by acariform mites, nematodes, and cestodes was insignificant and amounted to 9.88 %, 7.3 %, and 0.86 %, respectively. Among the protozooses – eimeriosis, nematodoses – pasalurosis, cestodoses – cysticercosis, acaroses –psoroptosis were found in rabbits. High indicators of the extensiveness of animal invasion were established for eimeriosis (50.23 %). Smaller values of infestation of rabbits were found for psoroptosis (18.0 %) and pasalurosis (16.87 %). For pysiform cysticercosis, the extent of invasion was insignificant – 5.97 %. Indicators of the extensiveness of invasions in different regions of Ukraine ranged from 15.28 to 100.0 % for eimeriosis, from 4.35 to 100.0 % for pasalurosis, from 50.0 to 100.0 % for cysticercosis, and from psoroptosis 11.54 to 100.0 %. The obtained results of monitoring studies on the epizootic status of invasive rabbit diseases on the territory of Ukraine indicate the relevance and perspective of further studying the distribution of parasite fauna in the population of domestic rabbits, taking into account the climatic conditions of different regions, the way rabbits are kept, their age and season.
Sheep breeding is one of the most promising branches of agriculture and the most important branch of animal husbandry worldwide. For the successful development of the industry mentioned above, it is necessary to increase the number of sheep and the production of livestock products. One of the aspects of this task is the effective implementation of measures to control parasitic diseases in sheep, particularly those localized in the gastrointestinal tract. The work aimed to investigate the spread of gastrointestinal parasitoses among sheep of single-person peasant farms in the Poltava region. The studies established that the average infestation of sheep by causative agents of gastrointestinal parasitoses is 39.74 %. In the studied sheep, strongylidoses of the digestive organs (extensiveness of invasion – 20.19 %), trichuriasis (18.59 %), eimeriosis (18.27 %), monieziosis (6.73 %), strongyloidosis (6.73 %) and dicrocoeliosis (1.92 %). In 32.26 % of the studied animals, the invasions occurred in monoinvasions, and in 67.74 % – in the form of mixinvasions. Among the monoinvasions, dicrocoeliosic (10 % of monoinvasions), monieziosic (22.5 %), strongyloidosic (40 %), and eimeriosic (27.5 %) were recorded. A total of 10 types of mixinvasions were detected in sheep, where two-component associations of gastrointestinal parasites were most often registered (78.57 % of mixinvasions), and three-component associations of parasites were less frequently diagnosed (21.43 %). Among the two-component mixinvasions, strongyloidosic- eimeriosic and trichuriasic- strongyloidosic were most often diagnosed, where the indicators of the extensiveness of invasions were 5.77 and 5.13 %, respectively. Three-component mixinvasions were represented by an association of trichurises, strongylides of digestive organs and eimeries (3.21 %), trichurises, strongyloideses and eimeries (1.60 %) and moniezies, trichurises, and strongylides of digestive organs (0.96 %). The research results on the spread of gastrointestinal parasitoses in sheep will allow for taking into account the peculiarities of the course of mixinvasions and the composition of their co-members when carrying out treatment and preventive measures in single-person peasant farms of the studied region.
The task of meeting the needs of the population with high-quality poultry products is to create a stable veterinary welfare in farms of various forms of ownership by in-depth study of the epizootic situation of nematodoses, which are registered in poultry. This will effectively develop and implement a system of treatment and prevention measures and reduce the incidence and death of poultry, especially from mixed helminthiasis. The aim of the work was to study the species composition, distribution and features of the course of nematodoses of the digestive tract in poultry in the farms of Poltava region. A total of 241 coprooscopic studies of chickens and 186 – geese were performed. Parasitological studies have shown that nematodoses of the digestive tract among domestic geese and chickens in farms of Poltava region are very common invasive diseases, where the extensiveness of invasion ranges from 16.59 to 74.69 %. In the studied chickens, pathogens of heterakosis (EI – 74.69 %), ascaridiosis (41.49 %), capillariosis (31.54 %), trihostrongilosis (16.59 %) were detected. Among the studied geese, pathogens of heterakosis (41.94 %), amidostomosis (27.42 %), capillariosis (25.81 %) and trihostrongilosis (16.67 %) were found. It is proved that nematodoses of the digestive tract mainly occur in the form of polyinvasions. In 67.22 % of patients with nematodoses of chickens, the simultaneous course of several parasitic pathogens was established, in geese this figure was 57.69 %. Monoinvasions were detected in 32.78 and 42.31 % of patients with nematodoses of chickens and geese, respectively. Out of the polyinvasions of chickens, two-component ones predominated, where heterakosis-capillariosic and ascaridiosis-heterakosic were most often diagnosed (51.24 and 33.06 % of patients with polyinvasions). Ascaridiosis-trihostrongilosis-capillariosic (9.92 %) and heterakosis-trihostrongilosis-capillariosic (5.78 %) invasions were less frequent. Among geese, heterakosis-capillariosic (40 % of patients with polyinvasions) and amidostomosis-capillariosic (28.89 %) invasions dominated among polyinvasions. A smaller percentage were heterakosis-amidostomosis-capillariosic (20 %) and amidostomosis-trihostrongilosis (11.11 %) invasions. Prospects for further research are to establish the effectiveness of modern anthelmintics in polyinvasions of geese and chickens.
Otodectosis in domestic dogs is caused by ectoparasites of the species Otodectes cynotis (Hering, 1838), which parasitize on the inner surface of the auricles, the external auditory canal and the eardrum. The invasion is accompanied by severe itching, otitis, anxiety of animals, and sometimes – their death due to complications. The effectiveness of measures to combat otodectosis in dogs largely depends on the correct and accurate diagnosis of the invasion. At the same time, existing laboratory methods have different diagnostic efficiency. The aim of the study was to establish the effectiveness of mortal and vital methods of lifelong diagnosis of otodectosis in dogs. The effectiveness of modern methods of laboratory diagnosis of live and dead ticks of the species O. cynotis in dogs has been established. The most effective methods have been identified, the use of which will improve the quality of acarological research. Studies have shown that the most effective method of mortal methods was A. M. Titarenko, where a mixture of 50% aqueous solution of glycerin, dimethyl sulfoxide and 10% sodium hydroxide solution (the intensity of the invasion was 5.4 specimens of mites) was used as an illuminator. This method exceeded the intensity of invasion using the compressor method – 2 times (2.7 specimens of mites, P < 0.001), the flotation method – 1.2 times (4.5 specimens of mites). At the same time, the flotation method for otodectosis in dogs was 1.7 times more effective (P < 0.001) than the use of the compressor method. Of the vital methods of laboratory diagnosis of otodectosis in dogs, the most effective was the method using vegetable oil as a scraper clarifier, the intensity of the invasion was 5.9 copies. ticks. The use of this technique in terms of the number of detected otodectes exceeded the method of A.V. Alfimova (influence of elevated temperature) – 2.1 times (2.8 specimens of mites, P < 0.001) and the method of M.G. Khatin (centrifugation under the influence of elevated). temperature) – 1.3 times (4.6 specimens of mites, P < 0.001). In addition, the congratulatory method of M. G. Khatin in the diagnosis of otodectosis was 1.6 times more effective (P < 0.001) than the method of A. V. Alfimova.
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