A b s t~c b Series Capacitors are widely used in long distance transmission system to improve stability of power transmission. Thyristor-controlled series capacitors provide additional benefits for the transmission system compared to fixed series capacitors.During a project to realize a series capacitor several studies are required, starting with planning studies, studies that investigate pmible interaction with the surrounding system, and finally the capacitor component design. Different parties are involved in these studies, as illformation is required from the transmission system on one side, but also from the series capacitor and its components. This paper describes the studies and and shows typical results.
Absrracr-In summer of 2003 the Sao Joao do Piaui Series Compensation System located in the Brazilian Maranhao-Bahia 500kV ac-network has been ordered and designed for delivery, erection and commissioning, The power demand of the growing Brazilian industries requires an economical solution for an increase of power transfer capability with the existing lines. Fixed series compensation has been found as the appropriate choice not only to enabie the desired power increase but also to stabilize the interconnected networks by reducing the connecting line impedance. Starting of commercial operation of two capacitors located in hvo serial lines Is scheduled for August 2004. This paper will give an overview of the design philosophy of the capacitor system and for the choice of the component rating.
ZusammenfassungEingebunden in die gesellschaftlichen und rechtlichen Veränderungsprozesse im Osten Deutschlands vollzieht sich ein tiefgreifender Wandel der Anwaltschaft. Die Anzahl von Rechtsanwälten hat stark zugenommen, die Berufsgruppe gewinnt in den Umschichtungen der Sozialstruktur eine höhere Position. Dabei ist ihre innere Struktur von einem neuartigen Muster an Heterogenität geprägt – an der Verschiedenheit der sozial-juristischen Herkunft der Anwälte machen sich tendenziell Unterschiede im Tätigkeitsbereich, der Klientel und der wirtschaftlichen Situation fest. Für die Ost-Herkunftsgruppen sind besondere Formen der subjektiven Verarbeitung der Übergangsprozesse charakteristisch. Der Aufsatz skizziert grundsätzliche Entwicklungen und stellt Einzelbefunde zur anwaltlichen Etablierung und Identität vor.
The performance of power systems decreases with the size, the loading and the complexity of the networks. This is related to problems with load flow, power oscillations and voltage quality. Such problems are even deepened by the changing situations resulting from deregulation of the electrical power markets. The power systems have not been designed for wide-area power trading with daily varying load patterns where power flows do no more follow the initial planning criteria of the existing network configuration. Large blackouts in America and Europe confirmed clearly, that the favorable close electrical coupling might also include risk of uncontrollable cascading effects in large and heavily loaded interconnected systems.FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems), however, provide the necessary features to avoid technical problems in the power systems and they increase the transmission efficiency.
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